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Year 2025, Volume: 46 Issue: 3, 621 - 643, 30.09.2025

Gizem Bertan

https://doi.org/10.17776/csj.1574774

Abstract

References

  • [1] Penrose R., The Road to Reality: A Complete Guide to the Laws of the Universe, Jonathan Cape, 2004.
  • [2] Weinberg S., Gravitation and Cosmology: Principles and Applications of the General Theory of Relativity, John Wiley & Sons, 1972.
  • [3] Hawking S.W., Ellis G.F.R., The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time, Cambridge University Press, 1973. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511524646.
  • [4] Hawking S., A Brief History of Time, Bantam Books, 1988.
  • [5] Hartle J.B., Hawking S.W., Wave Function of the Universe, Phys. Rev. D, 28(12) (1983) 2960–2975. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevD.28.2960.
  • [6] Visser M., Virtual Time Loops and Causality Structures in Quantum Vacuum, Found. Phys., 53 (2023) 1–20.
  • [7] Peskin M.E., Schroeder D.V., An Introduction to Quantum Field Theory, Addison-Wesley, 1995.
  • [8] Andresen G.B. et al. (ALPHA Collaboration), Confinement of antihydrogen for 1,000 seconds, Nat. Phys., 19 (2023) 450–455.
  • [9] Ahmadi M. et al., Observation of the hyperfine spectrum of antihydrogen, Nature, 548 (2017) 66–69. doi: 10.1038/nature23446.
  • [10] Warwick J., Observing Signatures of Quantum Vacuum Fluctuations in Electromagnetic and Gravitational Fields, University of Warwick Seminar Archive, 2024. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevD.105.085023.
  • [11] Parker L., Toms D.J., Quantum Field Theory in Curved Spacetime: Quantized Fields and Gravity, Cambridge University Press, 2009. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511813924.
  • [12] Walmsley J., Beyond the Planck Scale: Reconsidering the Foundations of Quantum Gravity, Found. Phys., 55 (2025) 233–251. doi: 10.1007/s10701-024-00677-0.
  • [13] Dark Energy Survey Collaboration, Dark Energy Survey Year 6 Results: Constraints on dynamical dark energy, Phys. Rev. D, 102(10) (2025) 103509. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevD.102.103509.
  • [14] Planck Collaboration, Planck 2018 results. VI. Cosmological parameters, Astron. Astrophys., 641 (2020) A6. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/201833910.
  • [15] Ashtekar A., Pawlowski T., Singh P., Quantum Nature of the Big Bang, Phys. Rev. Lett., 96(14) (2006) 141301.
  • [16] Jaffe R.L. et al., Quantum Regulation of Vacuum Instabilities: A High-Energy Model, Phys. Rev. Lett., 131 (2023) 121301.
  • [17] Zhang Y., Li H., Is Dark Energy Evolving? A Bayesian Model Comparison, Astrophys. J., 920(2) (2025) 74.
  • [18] Coleman S., Fate of the False Vacuum: Semiclassical Theory, Phys. Rev. D, 15(10) (1977) 2929–2936.
  • [19] Harlow D., Entanglement Irregularities and Vacuum Structure in Quantum Gravity, J. High Energy Phys., 2023(07) (2023) 121.
  • [20] Brout R. et al., Vacuum Structure and the Arrow of Time, Phys. Rep., 260 (1995) 329–454.
  • [21] Witten E., Symmetry Filters and Functional Operators in Quantum Topology, Ann. Phys., 452 (2024) 105412.
  • [22] Gell-Mann M., Pais A., Behavior of Neutral Particles Under Charge Conjugation, Phys. Rev., 97(5) (1955) 1387–1389.
  • [23] Copeland E.J., Sami M., Tsujikawa S., Dynamics of dark energy, Int. J. Mod. Phys. D, 15(11) (2006) 1753–1936.
  • [24] Perlmutter S. et al., Measurements of Ω and Λ from 42 High-Redshift Supernovae, Astrophys. J., 517(2) (1999) 565–586.
  • [25] Riess A.G. et al., Observational Evidence from Supernovae for an Accelerating Universe and a Cosmological Constant, Astron. J., 116(3) (1998) 1009–1038.
  • [26] Modi K. et al., The classical-quantum boundary for correlations: Discord and related measures, Rev. Mod. Phys., 84 (2012) 1655–1707.
  • [27] Farhi E. et al., Quantum Computation by Adiabatic Evolution, arXiv preprint quant-ph/0001106 (2000).
  • [28] Messiah A., Quantum Mechanics, Vol. 2, North-Holland 1962.
  • [29] Jaffe R.L., Casimir effect and the quantum vacuum, Phys. Rev. D, 72(2) (2005) 021301.
  • [30] Weinberg S., The cosmological constant problem, Rev. Mod. Phys., 61(1) (1989) 1–23.
  • [31] Brout R., Englert F., Gunzig E., A proposal for the cosmological constant and its constraints, Gen. Rel. Grav., 31 (1999) 39–47.
  • [32] Birrell N.D., Davies P.C.W., Quantum Fields in Curved Space, Cambridge University Press, 1982.
  • [33] Aspect A., Dalibard J., Roger G., Experimental test of Bell’s inequalities using time-varying analyzers, Phys. Rev. Lett., 49(25) (1982) 1804–1807.
  • [34] Caldwell R.R., Dave R., Steinhardt P.J., Cosmological imprint of an energy component with general equation of state, Phys. Rev. Lett., 80(8) (1998) 1582–1585.
  • [35] Wald R.M., Quantum Field Theory in Curved Spacetime and Black Hole Thermodynamics, University of Chicago Press, 1994.
  • [36] Srednicki M., Quantum Field Theory, Cambridge University Press, 2007.
  • [37] Caldwell R.R., A phantom menace? Cosmological consequences of a dark energy component with super-negative equation of state, Phys. Lett. B, 545(1–2) (2002) 23–29.
  • [38] Li M., A model of holographic dark energy, Phys. Lett. B, 603(1–2) (2004) 1–5.
  • [39] Dark Energy Survey Collaboration, Dark Energy Survey Year 3 Results: Cosmological Constraints from Galaxy Clustering and Weak Lensing, Phys. Rev. D, 105(2) (2021) 023520
  • [40] OpenAI. (2023, March). ChatGPT (Mar 2023 version) [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com/

The Origin of Dark Energy: The Role of Interactions Between Imaginary and Anti-Time Dimensions

Year 2025, Volume: 46 Issue: 3, 621 - 643, 30.09.2025

Gizem Bertan

https://doi.org/10.17776/csj.1574774

Abstract

This study introduces a theoretical framework to explain the origin of dark energy and to address the classical singularity problem by proposing a dynamic quantum dimension called anti-time. Unlike conventional approaches that treat time as a passive coordinate or apply imaginary time for geometric smoothing, anti-time functions as an active, non-metric temporal layer that transforms unstable vacuum energy. The model operates through four stages: quantum energy targeting, controlled phase inversion, energy decoupling, and stabilization. These transformations convert virtual particle–antiparticle fluctuations into a persistent, non-attractive energy field consistent with the properties of dark energy. At the same time, the singularity is reinterpreted not as a point of divergence but as a quantum-regulated transitional zone. The model preserves energy conservation across virtual, vacuum, and anti-time domains and adheres to core quantum principles such as coherence and uncertainty. In contrast to scalar field or cosmological constant models, this approach links the emergence of dark energy to early-universe quantum transitions. By unifying phase dynamics with energy flow, anti-time provides a testable and coherent alternative to standard cosmological models. Specifically, it predicts observable anomalies in the cosmic microwave background—such as low-ℓ multipole alignments and phase coherence drifts—that may reflect anti-time’s regulatory influence on vacuum behavior.

Keywords

Dark energy Imaginary time Cosmological expansion Quantum entanglement Energy transformation

Thanks

Acknowledgements I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Professor Erol Çilengir for his valuable suggestions and academic insights throughout the development of this study. I am also deeply thankful to Berk Sait Aydoğan, a physics student at Uludağ University, whose feedback on the mathematical formulations and their physical interpretations significantly contributed to strengthening the theoretical foundation of this work. My appreciation extends to Professor Mustafa Özsarı (Department of Turkish Language and Literature, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Balıkesir University) for his constructive feedback regarding the theoretical boundaries of the proposed model. I am equally grateful to Associate Professor Gülsema Akıncı for her kind support during the manuscript preparation process. Special thanks go to Dr. Ali Fuat Baykız, Fatma Cantekin (Mechanical Engineering, ITU), Volkan Başaran, and Nisa Sarıgöllü (Ph.D. candidate, METU) for their valuable contributions and encouragement. I am deeply indebted to my mother, whose devoted care for my young children allowed me the time and focus needed to complete this work. I also wish to thank my family for their constant encouragement and moral support. In particular, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to my father for his unwavering belief in me and continued support throughout this journey. My deepest thanks also go to my husband, Hüseyin Emre Bertan, for standing beside me with his steadfast support and confidence. Finally, I am profoundly thankful to Duygu Çağlayan, Kadir Akıncı, Hasan Akıncı, İrem Akıncı, Efe Akıncı, Çiğdem Ateş, Ömer Başar Sönmez, Yasemin Sönmez for their emotional support. This work is dedicated to my beloved sons, Zaman and Yaman.

References

  • [1] Penrose R., The Road to Reality: A Complete Guide to the Laws of the Universe, Jonathan Cape, 2004.
  • [2] Weinberg S., Gravitation and Cosmology: Principles and Applications of the General Theory of Relativity, John Wiley & Sons, 1972.
  • [3] Hawking S.W., Ellis G.F.R., The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time, Cambridge University Press, 1973. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511524646.
  • [4] Hawking S., A Brief History of Time, Bantam Books, 1988.
  • [5] Hartle J.B., Hawking S.W., Wave Function of the Universe, Phys. Rev. D, 28(12) (1983) 2960–2975. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevD.28.2960.
  • [6] Visser M., Virtual Time Loops and Causality Structures in Quantum Vacuum, Found. Phys., 53 (2023) 1–20.
  • [7] Peskin M.E., Schroeder D.V., An Introduction to Quantum Field Theory, Addison-Wesley, 1995.
  • [8] Andresen G.B. et al. (ALPHA Collaboration), Confinement of antihydrogen for 1,000 seconds, Nat. Phys., 19 (2023) 450–455.
  • [9] Ahmadi M. et al., Observation of the hyperfine spectrum of antihydrogen, Nature, 548 (2017) 66–69. doi: 10.1038/nature23446.
  • [10] Warwick J., Observing Signatures of Quantum Vacuum Fluctuations in Electromagnetic and Gravitational Fields, University of Warwick Seminar Archive, 2024. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevD.105.085023.
  • [11] Parker L., Toms D.J., Quantum Field Theory in Curved Spacetime: Quantized Fields and Gravity, Cambridge University Press, 2009. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511813924.
  • [12] Walmsley J., Beyond the Planck Scale: Reconsidering the Foundations of Quantum Gravity, Found. Phys., 55 (2025) 233–251. doi: 10.1007/s10701-024-00677-0.
  • [13] Dark Energy Survey Collaboration, Dark Energy Survey Year 6 Results: Constraints on dynamical dark energy, Phys. Rev. D, 102(10) (2025) 103509. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevD.102.103509.
  • [14] Planck Collaboration, Planck 2018 results. VI. Cosmological parameters, Astron. Astrophys., 641 (2020) A6. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/201833910.
  • [15] Ashtekar A., Pawlowski T., Singh P., Quantum Nature of the Big Bang, Phys. Rev. Lett., 96(14) (2006) 141301.
  • [16] Jaffe R.L. et al., Quantum Regulation of Vacuum Instabilities: A High-Energy Model, Phys. Rev. Lett., 131 (2023) 121301.
  • [17] Zhang Y., Li H., Is Dark Energy Evolving? A Bayesian Model Comparison, Astrophys. J., 920(2) (2025) 74.
  • [18] Coleman S., Fate of the False Vacuum: Semiclassical Theory, Phys. Rev. D, 15(10) (1977) 2929–2936.
  • [19] Harlow D., Entanglement Irregularities and Vacuum Structure in Quantum Gravity, J. High Energy Phys., 2023(07) (2023) 121.
  • [20] Brout R. et al., Vacuum Structure and the Arrow of Time, Phys. Rep., 260 (1995) 329–454.
  • [21] Witten E., Symmetry Filters and Functional Operators in Quantum Topology, Ann. Phys., 452 (2024) 105412.
  • [22] Gell-Mann M., Pais A., Behavior of Neutral Particles Under Charge Conjugation, Phys. Rev., 97(5) (1955) 1387–1389.
  • [23] Copeland E.J., Sami M., Tsujikawa S., Dynamics of dark energy, Int. J. Mod. Phys. D, 15(11) (2006) 1753–1936.
  • [24] Perlmutter S. et al., Measurements of Ω and Λ from 42 High-Redshift Supernovae, Astrophys. J., 517(2) (1999) 565–586.
  • [25] Riess A.G. et al., Observational Evidence from Supernovae for an Accelerating Universe and a Cosmological Constant, Astron. J., 116(3) (1998) 1009–1038.
  • [26] Modi K. et al., The classical-quantum boundary for correlations: Discord and related measures, Rev. Mod. Phys., 84 (2012) 1655–1707.
  • [27] Farhi E. et al., Quantum Computation by Adiabatic Evolution, arXiv preprint quant-ph/0001106 (2000).
  • [28] Messiah A., Quantum Mechanics, Vol. 2, North-Holland 1962.
  • [29] Jaffe R.L., Casimir effect and the quantum vacuum, Phys. Rev. D, 72(2) (2005) 021301.
  • [30] Weinberg S., The cosmological constant problem, Rev. Mod. Phys., 61(1) (1989) 1–23.
  • [31] Brout R., Englert F., Gunzig E., A proposal for the cosmological constant and its constraints, Gen. Rel. Grav., 31 (1999) 39–47.
  • [32] Birrell N.D., Davies P.C.W., Quantum Fields in Curved Space, Cambridge University Press, 1982.
  • [33] Aspect A., Dalibard J., Roger G., Experimental test of Bell’s inequalities using time-varying analyzers, Phys. Rev. Lett., 49(25) (1982) 1804–1807.
  • [34] Caldwell R.R., Dave R., Steinhardt P.J., Cosmological imprint of an energy component with general equation of state, Phys. Rev. Lett., 80(8) (1998) 1582–1585.
  • [35] Wald R.M., Quantum Field Theory in Curved Spacetime and Black Hole Thermodynamics, University of Chicago Press, 1994.
  • [36] Srednicki M., Quantum Field Theory, Cambridge University Press, 2007.
  • [37] Caldwell R.R., A phantom menace? Cosmological consequences of a dark energy component with super-negative equation of state, Phys. Lett. B, 545(1–2) (2002) 23–29.
  • [38] Li M., A model of holographic dark energy, Phys. Lett. B, 603(1–2) (2004) 1–5.
  • [39] Dark Energy Survey Collaboration, Dark Energy Survey Year 3 Results: Cosmological Constraints from Galaxy Clustering and Weak Lensing, Phys. Rev. D, 105(2) (2021) 023520
  • [40] OpenAI. (2023, March). ChatGPT (Mar 2023 version) [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com/
There are 40 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Astroparticle Physics and Particle Cosmology
Journal Section Natural Sciences
Authors

Gizem Bertan 0009-0009-8555-9690

Publication Date September 30, 2025
Submission Date October 28, 2024
Acceptance Date September 12, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 46 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Bertan, G. (2025). The Origin of Dark Energy: The Role of Interactions Between Imaginary and Anti-Time Dimensions. Cumhuriyet Science Journal, 46(3), 621-643. https://doi.org/10.17776/csj.1574774
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