Electrochemical Determination of Anticancer Drug Vandetanib on Glassy Carbon Electrode

Gulsu Keles; Cem Erkmen; Sevinç Kurbanoğlu

doi:10.17776/csj.1790629

Electrochemical Determination of Anticancer Drug Vandetanib on Glassy Carbon Electrode

Abstract

This study presents a novel, simple, and cost-effective electrochemical method for the sensitive determination of Vandetanib (VAN), a clinically important tyrosine kinase inhibitor, using an unmodified glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The electrochemical behavior of VAN was investigated via cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) over a wide pH range, an adsorption-controlled irreversible oxidation process involving equal numbers of protons and electrons, indicating a proton-coupled electron transfer mechanism. Optimization of experimental parameters, including pH, accumulation time, and accumulation potential, demonstrated that 0.5 M H₂S0₄ (pH 0.3) and an accumulation time of 90 seconds provided optimal analytical performance. The DPV method exhibited excellent linearity between 2×10^-8 M and 1.5×10^-6 M VAN concentrations, with a low detection limit of 5.58×10^-9 M. The proposed approach achieved high repeatability with relative standard deviations below 1.2%. Compared to previously reported methods involving complex electrode modifications, this work emphasizes the practicality of a bare GCE platform, eliminating the need for surface modification or surfactant addition. The method’s simplicity, sensitivity, and environmental friendliness make it a promising alternative for rapid VAN quantification.

Keywords

References

[1] Engin, C., Yilmaz, S., Saglikoglu, G., Yagmur, S., & Sadikoglu, M. (2015). Electroanalytical investigation of paracetamol on glassy carbon electrode by voltammetry. International Journal of Electrochemical Science, 10(2), 1916–1925. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1452-3981(23)05122-2
[2] Vieira, L. de S. (2022). A review on the use of glassy carbon in advanced technological applications. Carbon, 186, 282–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2021.10.022
[3] Sramkova, E., Bystron, T., & Bouzek, K. (2021). Quantification of electrocatalytic activity of glassy carbon electrode. Electrochimica Acta, 379, 138177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138177
[4] Thulasiprevinnah, S., Bashir, S., Ramesh, K., & Ramesh, S. (2024). Recent advances in electrochemical biosensors for the determination of biomolecules on modified and unmodified electrodes. Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society, 21(7), 1739–1768.
[5] Tyszczuk-Rotko, K., Staniec, K., Sztanke, K., & Sztanke, M. (2024). First voltammetric analysis of two possible anticancer drug candidates using an unmodified glassy carbon electrode. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-68309-7
[6] Bystron, T., Sramkova, E., Dvorak, F., & Bouzek, K. (2019). Glassy carbon electrode activation – A way towards highly active, reproducible and stable electrode surface. Electrochimica Acta, 299, 963–970. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2019.01.066
[7] Prabakaran, E., & Pillay, K. (2021). Electrochemical detection of 4-nitrophenol by using graphene based nanocomposite modified glassy carbon electrodes: A mini review. Nanoarchitectonics, 2(2), 61–87.
[8] Kamau, G. N. (1988). Surface preparation of glassy carbon electrodes. Analytica Chimica Acta, 207, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(00)80777-1

[9] Muhamad, N., & Na-Bangchang, K. (2020). Metabolite profiling in anticancer drug development: A systematic review. Drug Design, Development and Therapy, 14, 1401–1444. https://doi.org/10.2147/dddt.s221518
[10] Serim, T. M., Kožák, J., Rautenberg, A., Özdemir, A. N., Pellequer, Y., & Lamprecht, A. (2021). Spray freeze dried lyospheres® for nasal administration of insulin. Pharmaceutics, 13(6), 852. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13060852
[11] Szigethy, E., Dorantes, R., Sugrañes, M., Madera, M., Sola, I., Urrútia, G., & Bonfill, X. (2024). Frequency of anticancer drug use at the end of life: A scoping review. Clinical and Translational Oncology, 26(1), 178–189. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12094-023-03234-1
[12] Nussbaumer, S., Bonnabry, P., Veuthey, J. L., & Fleury-Souverain, S. (2011). Analysis of anticancer drugs: A review. Talanta, 85(5), 2265–2289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2011.08.034
[13] Hatem, R., Labiod, D., Château-Joubert, S., De Plater, L., El Botty, R., Vacher, S., Bonin, F., Servely, J. L., Dieras, V., Bièche, I., & Marangoni, E. (2016). Vandetanib as a potential new treatment for estrogen receptor-negative breast cancers. International Journal of Cancer, 138(10), 2510–2521. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.29974
[14] Talay Pinar, P., Mete, C., & Şentürk, Z. (2024). Development of a novel electrochemical method for the quantitative analysis of vandetanib in the presence of anionic surfactant utilizing a bare carbon paste electrode. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, 28(4), 1010–1021.
[15] Abdullah, E. K., Roushani, M., & Zalpour, N. (2024). In situ co-electropolymerization of resorcinol/2-aminophenol on Au-Chitosan-electroreduced graphene oxide nanocomposite for electrochemical detection of vandetanib. Materials Research Bulletin, 179, 112926. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2024.112926
[16] Yamin, H., Penciner, J., Gorenshtain, A., Elam, M., & Peled, E. (1985). The electrochemical behavior of polysulfides in tetrahydrofuran. Journal of Power Sources, 14(1-3), 129–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-7753(85)88022-8
[17] Amer, S. M., Kadi, A. A., Darwish, H. W., & Attwa, M. W. (2017). Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for the quantification of vandetanib in human plasma and rat liver microsomes matrices: Metabolic stability investigation. Chemistry Central Journal, 11(1), 45. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13065-017-0274-4
[18] Darwish, H. W., Bakheit, A. H., Al-Shakliah, N. S., & Darwish, I. A. (2019). Development of novel response surface methodology-assisted micellar enhanced synchronous spectrofluorimetric method for determination of vandetanib in tablets, human plasma and urine. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 213, 272–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2019.01.056
[19] Abdelhameed, A. S., Attwa, M. W., Attia, M. I., Alanazi, A. M., Alruqi, O. S., & AlRabiah, H. (2022). Development of novel univariate and multivariate validated chemometric methods for the analysis of dasatinib, sorafenib, and vandetanib in pure form, dosage forms and biological fluids. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 264, 120336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2021.120336
[20] Pena-Pereira, F., Wojnowski, W., & Tobiszewski, M. (2020). AGREE—Analytical GREEnness metric approach and software. Analytical Chemistry, 92(14), 10076–10082. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01887
[21] Manousi, N., Wojnowski, W., Płotka-Wasylka, J., & Samanidou, V. (2023). Blue applicability grade index (BAGI) and software: A new tool for the evaluation of method practicality. Green Chemistry, 25(19), 7598–7604. https://doi.org/10.1039/D3GC02347H
[22] Mansour, F. R., Omer, K. M., & Płotka-Wasylka, J. (2024). A total scoring system and software for complex modified GAPI (ComplexMoGAPI) application in the assessment of method greenness. Green Analytical Chemistry, 10, 100126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.greeac.2024.100126

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Sensor Technology

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Gulsu Keles
0009-0001-4630-4937
Türkiye

Cem Erkmen ^*
0000-0001-5944-3912
Türkiye

Sevinç Kurbanoğlu
0000-0002-7079-7604
Türkiye

Publication Date

February 27, 2026

Submission Date

September 24, 2025

Acceptance Date

December 13, 2025

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 47 Number: 1

DOI

https://doi.org/10.17776/csj.1790629

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA72CF86NW

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Keles, G., Erkmen, C., & Kurbanoğlu, S. (2026). Electrochemical Determination of Anticancer Drug Vandetanib on Glassy Carbon Electrode. Cumhuriyet Science Journal, 47(1), 77-85. https://doi.org/10.17776/csj.1790629