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Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Level in Commercial Turkish Milks

Year 2018, Volume: 39 Issue: 3, 771 - 778, 30.09.2018

Sibel Kaçmaz

https://doi.org/10.17776/csj.443430
Cited By: 2

Abstract

In the present study, the presence of polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in commercial Turkish Milks was investigated. A
total of 27 samples consisting of raw milk (n = 2), pasteurized milk (n = 5),
UHT milk (n = 17) and also plant milk (n = 3) were analyzed for four EU marker
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by using a reversed phase
high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD).

The method was in house validated using the validation
parameters such as linearity, precision (repeatability and intermediate
precision), limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ),
recovery percentages, and also measurement uncertainty.





The mean concentrations of the sum of 4 EU marker PAHs
were found 0.10 ±0.06 µg kg-1, 0.71 ±0.33 µg kg-1, 0.84
±0.57 µg kg-1 and 0.20 ±0.28 µg kg-1 for raw,
pasteurized, UHT whole and plant milks, respectively. The analyzed milk samples
did not exceed the maximum limits of 1.0 µg kg-1, that was regulated
for both BaP and 4 EU marker PAHs (4 PAHs) by the European Union.

Keywords

PAHs Milk Extraction of PAHs PAHs analysis HPLC Analysis

References

  • [1] SCF (Scientific Committee on Food), Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons – Occurrence in foods, dietary exposure and health effects, Annex., (2002) A1–A194.
  • [2] SCF (Scientific Committee on Food), Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on the risks to human health of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in food, (2002) 1–84.
  • [3] Codex Committee on Food Additives and Contaminants (CCFAC), Discussion Paper on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) Contamination, Jt. Fao/Who Food Stand. Program., 17 (2005).
  • [4] Joint FAO/WHO expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA), Summary and conclusions of the sixty-fourth meeting. (2005) 1–47.
  • [5] IARC, Some Non-heterocyclic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Some Related Exposures, Iarc Monogr. Eval. Carcinog. Risks To Humans., 92 (2010) 1–868.
  • [6] IARC, A review of human carcinogens: chemical agents and related occupations, IARC Monogr. Eval. Carcinog. Risks to Humans. Vol. 100F (2012) 225–248.
  • [7] EC (European Commission), commission recommendation of 2005/108 of 4 February 2005 on the further investigation into the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in certain foods, Off. J. Eur. Union. L34 (2005) 43–45.
  • [8] EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), Findings of the EFSA Data Collection on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Food, EFSA J., 724 (2008) 1–55.
  • [9] EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Food. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain, EFSA J., 724 (2008) 1–114.
  • [10] EC (European Commission), commission regulation (EU) No 836/2011, Off. J. Eur. Union EN. 2011 (2011) 9–16.
  • [11] Girelli A.M., Sperati D., and Tarola A.M., Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Italian milk by HPLC with fluorescence detection, Food Addit. Contam. Part A., 31 (2014) 703–710.
  • [12] Naccari C., Cristani M., Giofrè F., Ferrante M., Siracusa L., and Trombetta D., PAHs concentration in heat-treated milk samples, Food Res. Int., 44 (2011) 716–724.
  • [13] Chung T.L., Liao C.J., and Chen M.F., Comparison of liquid-liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the milk of Taiwan, J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng., 41 (2010) 178–183.
  • [14] Aguinaga N., Campillo N., Viñas,P. and Hernández-Córdoba M., A headspace solid-phase microextraction procedure coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the analysis of volatile polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in milk samples, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 391 (2008) 753–758.
  • [15] Aguinaga N., Campillo N., Viñas P., and Hernández-Córdoba M., Determination of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in milk and related products using solid-phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, Anal. Chim. Acta., 596 (2007) 285–290.
  • [16] DiScenza D.J., Lynch J., Verderame M., Smith M.A., and Levine M., Cyclodextrin-Promoted Fluorescence Detection of Aromatic Toxicants and Toxicant Metabolites in Commercial Milk Products, Food Anal. Methods., 11 (2018) 2419–2430.
  • [17] Eurachem Guide: The Fitness for Purpose of Analytical Methods – A Laboratory Guide to Method Validation and Related Topics, (2014) 1-70.
  • [18] EURACHEM/CITAC Guide CG- Quantifying Uncertainty in Analytical Measurement. 2nd ed. (2000) 126.
  • [19] Mandel J., The statistical analysis of experimental data, Wiley & Sons, New York (NY), (1964).
  • [20] Kacmaz, S. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in cereal products on the Turkish market, Food Addit. Contam. Part B., 9 (2016) 191–197.
  • [21] Kacmaz S., Zelinkova Z., and Wenzl T., Rapid and sensitive method for the determination of four EU marker polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in cereal-based foods using isotope-dilution GC/MS, Food Addit. Contam. Part A Chem. Anal. Control. Expo. Risk Assess., 33 (2016) 631–638.
  • [22] EC (European Commission), Commission regulation (EU) No 835/2011 of 19 August 2011 amending Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 as regards maximum levels for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in foodstuffs, Off. J. Eur. Union., (2011) 4–8.

Ticari olarak satılan Türk Sütlerinde Polisiklik Aromatik Hidrokarbon Seviyelerinin Belirlenmesi

Year 2018, Volume: 39 Issue: 3, 771 - 778, 30.09.2018

Sibel Kaçmaz

https://doi.org/10.17776/csj.443430
Cited By: 2

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, ticari olarak satılan Türk sütlerinde
polisiklik aromatik hidrokarbon (PAH) varlığı araştırılmıştır. Çiğ süt (n = 2),
pastörize süt (n = 5), UHT süt (n = 17) ve ayrıca bitki sütü (n = 3) olmak
üzere toplam 27 ticari süt örneğinde, 4 AB öncelikli polisiklik aromatik
hidrokarbon (PAH) yüksek performans sıvı kromatografisi-floresans dedektör
kullanılarak (HPLC-FLD) tayin edilmiştir.

Yöntem, doğrusallık, kesinlik (tekrarlanabilirlik ve
orta kesinlik), Tespit Limiti (LOD) ve Tayin Limiti (LOQ), geri kazanım ve
ayrıca ölçüm belirsizliği gibi validasyon parametreleri kullanılarak
doğrulanmıştır.





Dört AB öncelikli PAH (4PAH) toplamının ortalama
konsantrasyonları, çiğ, pastörize, UHT ve bitki sütleri için, sırasıyla 0.10
±0.06, 0.71 ±0.33, 0.84 ±0.57 ve 0.20 ±0.28 µg kg-1 olarak
bulunmuştur. Analiz edilen süt örnekleri, Benzopiren (BaP) ve 4 AB öncelikli
poliaromatik hidrokarbon (4PAH) için Avrupa Birliği tarafından belirlenen 1.0
µg kg-1 'lık maksimum limitlerin altında olduğu görülmüştür.

Keywords

PAH Süt PAH ekstraksiyonu PAH analizi HPLC

References

  • [1] SCF (Scientific Committee on Food), Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons – Occurrence in foods, dietary exposure and health effects, Annex., (2002) A1–A194.
  • [2] SCF (Scientific Committee on Food), Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on the risks to human health of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in food, (2002) 1–84.
  • [3] Codex Committee on Food Additives and Contaminants (CCFAC), Discussion Paper on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) Contamination, Jt. Fao/Who Food Stand. Program., 17 (2005).
  • [4] Joint FAO/WHO expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA), Summary and conclusions of the sixty-fourth meeting. (2005) 1–47.
  • [5] IARC, Some Non-heterocyclic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Some Related Exposures, Iarc Monogr. Eval. Carcinog. Risks To Humans., 92 (2010) 1–868.
  • [6] IARC, A review of human carcinogens: chemical agents and related occupations, IARC Monogr. Eval. Carcinog. Risks to Humans. Vol. 100F (2012) 225–248.
  • [7] EC (European Commission), commission recommendation of 2005/108 of 4 February 2005 on the further investigation into the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in certain foods, Off. J. Eur. Union. L34 (2005) 43–45.
  • [8] EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), Findings of the EFSA Data Collection on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Food, EFSA J., 724 (2008) 1–55.
  • [9] EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Food. Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain, EFSA J., 724 (2008) 1–114.
  • [10] EC (European Commission), commission regulation (EU) No 836/2011, Off. J. Eur. Union EN. 2011 (2011) 9–16.
  • [11] Girelli A.M., Sperati D., and Tarola A.M., Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Italian milk by HPLC with fluorescence detection, Food Addit. Contam. Part A., 31 (2014) 703–710.
  • [12] Naccari C., Cristani M., Giofrè F., Ferrante M., Siracusa L., and Trombetta D., PAHs concentration in heat-treated milk samples, Food Res. Int., 44 (2011) 716–724.
  • [13] Chung T.L., Liao C.J., and Chen M.F., Comparison of liquid-liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the milk of Taiwan, J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng., 41 (2010) 178–183.
  • [14] Aguinaga N., Campillo N., Viñas,P. and Hernández-Córdoba M., A headspace solid-phase microextraction procedure coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the analysis of volatile polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in milk samples, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 391 (2008) 753–758.
  • [15] Aguinaga N., Campillo N., Viñas P., and Hernández-Córdoba M., Determination of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in milk and related products using solid-phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, Anal. Chim. Acta., 596 (2007) 285–290.
  • [16] DiScenza D.J., Lynch J., Verderame M., Smith M.A., and Levine M., Cyclodextrin-Promoted Fluorescence Detection of Aromatic Toxicants and Toxicant Metabolites in Commercial Milk Products, Food Anal. Methods., 11 (2018) 2419–2430.
  • [17] Eurachem Guide: The Fitness for Purpose of Analytical Methods – A Laboratory Guide to Method Validation and Related Topics, (2014) 1-70.
  • [18] EURACHEM/CITAC Guide CG- Quantifying Uncertainty in Analytical Measurement. 2nd ed. (2000) 126.
  • [19] Mandel J., The statistical analysis of experimental data, Wiley & Sons, New York (NY), (1964).
  • [20] Kacmaz, S. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in cereal products on the Turkish market, Food Addit. Contam. Part B., 9 (2016) 191–197.
  • [21] Kacmaz S., Zelinkova Z., and Wenzl T., Rapid and sensitive method for the determination of four EU marker polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in cereal-based foods using isotope-dilution GC/MS, Food Addit. Contam. Part A Chem. Anal. Control. Expo. Risk Assess., 33 (2016) 631–638.
  • [22] EC (European Commission), Commission regulation (EU) No 835/2011 of 19 August 2011 amending Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 as regards maximum levels for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in foodstuffs, Off. J. Eur. Union., (2011) 4–8.
There are 22 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Engineering Sciences
Authors

Sibel Kaçmaz 0000-0003-3642-4940

Publication Date September 30, 2018
Submission Date July 13, 2018
Acceptance Date September 19, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018Volume: 39 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Kaçmaz, S. (2018). Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Level in Commercial Turkish Milks. Cumhuriyet Science Journal, 39(3), 771-778. https://doi.org/10.17776/csj.443430

Cited By

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Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon in Fruits and Vegetables Grown in Turkey: Quantitative Analysis, Dietary Exposure, and Health Risk Assessment
Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds
https://doi.org/10.1080/10406638.2022.2126507