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Bazı Cladonia Likenlerinin Bitki Patojeni Bakterileri Üzerine Etkileri ve Bakır İndirgeme Antioksidan Kapasitesi Aktiviteleri

Year 2017, , 105 - 114, 08.12.2017

Sinem Aydın , Bahar Bılgın Sokmen , Kadir Kınalıoglu

https://doi.org/10.17776/csj.358762
Cited By: 1

Abstract

Bakteri ve mantar gibi mikroorganizmalar bitkilerde
pek çok hastalığa yol açmaktadır. Patojenik mikroorganizmaların çoğu sıklıkla
kullanılan antibiyotiklere ve sentetik fungisitlere direnç kazanmıştır.
Likenler bir mantar, bir alg veya bir siyanobakteriyum arasındaki simbiyotik
birliklerdir. Likenler ve metabolitlerinin sentetik kimyasallara karşı umut
vaat edici alternatifler olabilecekleri gösterilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı Cladonia
stellaris, Cladonia pyxidata ve Cladonia furcata likenlerinin etil asetat
ekstraktlarının antibakteriyal etkisini ortaya koymaktır. Ekstraktlar sokslet
ekstraksiyonu ile elde edilmiştir. Antibakteriyal aktivite disk difüzyon metodu
ile belirlenirken, antioksidan aktivite bakır indirgeme antioksidan kapasitesi
(CUPRAC) metodu ile belirlenmiştir. En iyi antibakteriyal aktivite C. stellaris ekstraktında (25 mm)
pozitif kontrol antibiyotiklerinden (ampisilin ve tetrasiklin) daha fazla
olarak Pseudomonas
syringae pv. syringae ve Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora’ya
karşı bulunmuştur. CUPRAC aktivitesi C. furcata>C.
pyxidata>C. stellaris şeklinde
artmaktadır. Liken
ekstraktlarından aktif bileşenlerin izolasyonu ve bu bileşiklerin biyolojik
aktivitelerinin belirlenmesinde daha ileri çalışmalar gerekmektedir.

Keywords

Liken Antibiyotik Antioksidan aktivite

References

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  • [2]. Bitki Koruma Rehberi, Available at: https://bitkikorumarehberi.wordpress.com/2012/08/20/ domateste-bakteriyel-kanserclavibacter-michiganensis-subsp-michiganensis/ Retrieved May 5, 2017.
  • [3]. Bitki Sağlığı Danışmanlığı, Available at: http://www.bitkisagligi. net /seftali/ ozellik. asp? patlatin=Pseudomonas%20syringae%20 pv. %20 syringae Retrieved April 29, 2017.
  • [4]. Post Harvest Diseases of Chillies, Available at: http://slideplayer.com/slide/6615220/ Retrieved April 25, 2017.
  • [5]. Joseph A., Ese E.A., Ademiluyi B.O., Aluko P.A., Efficacy of selected plant extracts in the management of tomato early blight disease caused by Alternaria solani. Asian J Plant Pathol 2017; 11: 48-52.
  • [6]. Valdes R.A., Castillo F.D.H., Cabello J.C.A., Fuentes Y.M.D., Morales G.G., Cantu D.J., Aguilar C.N., Review of antibacterial activity of plant extracts and growth-promoting microorganism (GPM) against phytopathogenic bacterial tomato crop. Eur J Biotechnol Genet Eng 2017; 4 (1): 11-36.
  • [7]. Satish S., Raveesha K.A., Janardhana G.R., Antibacterial activity of plant extracts on phytopathogenic Xanthomonas campestris pathovars. Let Appl Microbiol 1999; 28 (2): 145-147.
  • [8]. Pesticides, Environmental Pollution and Health, Available at: https://www.intechopen.com/books/environmental-health-risk-hazardous-factors-to-living-species /pesticides-environmental-pollution-and-health Retrieved April 13, 2017.
  • [9]. Naidu K.C., Vadlapaudi V., In vitro bioactivity against important phytopathogens of Rhizophora mucronata (Lam.) and Acanthus iliciformis Linn. Der Pharm Lett 2010; 2 (2): 107-110.
  • [10]. Rankovic B., Misic M., Sukdolak S., Antimicrobial activity of extracts of the lichens Cladonia furcata, Parmelia caperata, Parmelia pertusa, Hypogymnia physodes and Umbilicaria polyphylla, Biologia 2009; 64 (1), 53-58.
  • [11]. Rashmi S., Rajkumar, H.G., Evaluation of antifungal activity of lichen extracts against phytopathogenic fungi Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. Int J Curr Res 2015; 7 (7): 17718-17721.
  • [12]. Babiah P.S., Upreti D.K., John S.A., An in vitro analysis of antifungal potential of lichen species Parmotrema reticulatum against phytopathogenic fungi. Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci 2014; 3 (12): 511-518.
  • [13]. Kekuda P.T.R., Vivek M.N., Kambar Y., Manasa M., Biocontrol potential of Parmotrema species against Colletotrichium capsici isolated from anthracnose of chilli. J Biol Sci Opin 2014; 2 (2): 166-169.
  • [14]. Karasakal A., Evaluation of antioxidant activities of Brassica napus’s seeds by CUPRAC, ABTS persulphate and DMPD methods. Marmara Pharm J 2015; 19 (2): 153-158.
  • [15]. Huda-Faujan N., Noriham A., Norrakiah A.S., Babji A.S., Antioxidant activity of plants methanolic extracts containing phenolic compounds. Afr J Biotechnol 2009; 8 (3): 484-489.
  • [16]. Rico M., Sanchez I., Trujillo C., Perez N., Screening of the antioxidant properties of crude extracts of six selected plant species from the Canary Islands (Spain). J Appl Bot Food Qual 2013; 86: 217-220.
  • [17]. Smith C.W., Aproot A., Coppins B.J., Fletcher A., Gilbert O.L., James P.W., Wolseley P.A. The Lichens of Great Britain and Ireland. British Lichen Society, London.
  • [18]. Lichens and Wildlife, Available at: http://www.lichen.com/bigpix/Cstellaris.html Retrieved April 25, 2017.
  • [19]. Star- Tipped Reindeer Lichen, Available at: http://inaturalist.ca/taxa/125632-Cladonia-stellaris Retrieved May 5, 2017.
  • [20]. Ethnolichenology of The World, Available at: http://web.uvic.ca/~stucraw/part2AM.html Retrieved May 2, 2017.
  • [21]. Cladonia furcata: Wikis, Available at: http://www.thefullwiki.org/Cladonia_furcata. Retrieved May 2, 2017
  • [22]. Kumar S., Dhankhar S., Arya V.P., Yadav S., Yadav J.P., Antimicrobial activity of Salvadora oleoides Decne against some microorganisms. J. Med. Plants Res 2012; 6 (14): 2754-2760.
  • [23]. Saric C.L., Cabarkapa S.I., Beljkas M.B., Misan C.A., Sakac B.M., Plavsic V.D., Antimicrobial activity of plant extracts from Serbia. Food Process Qual Saf 2009; 1 (2): 1-5.
  • [24]. Ababutain I.M., Antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extracts from some medicinal plant. Aust J Basic Appl Sci 2011; 5 (11): 678-683.
  • [25]. Özyürek M., Bektaşoğlu B., Güçlü K., Apak R., Measurement of xanthine oxidase inhibition activity of phenolics and flavonoids with a modified cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) method. Anal. Chim. Acta 2009; 636 (1): 42-50.
  • [26]. Bisht S., Sharma S., Kumar V., Kumar M., Bisht S.S., Nautiyal B.P., Assessment of antimicrobial efficacy of secondary metabolites of lichen species from Uttarakhand temperate Himalayas, India. J Nat Prod 2014; 7: 168-176.
  • [27]. Dharmadhikari M., Jite P.K., Chettiar S., Antimicrobial activity of extracts of the lichen and its isolated mycobiont Parmelinella simplicior. Asian J Exp Biol Sci Spl 2010; 54-58.
  • [28]. Paudel B., Bhattarai H.D., Kim I.C., Lee H., Sofronov R., Ivanova L., Poryadina L., Yim J.H., Estimation of antioxidant, antimicrobial activities and brine shrimp toxicity of plants collected from Oymyakon region of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Russia. Biol Res 2014; 47: 10-16.
  • [29]. Kosanic M., Rankovic B., Stanojkovic T., Rancic A., Manojlovic N., Cladonia lichens and their major metabolites as possible natural antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer agents. LWT-Food Sci Technol 2014; 59: 518-525.
  • [30]. Rankovic B., Misic M., Sukdolak S., Antimicrobial activity of extracts of the lichens Cladonia furcata, Parmelia caperata, Parmelia pertusa, Hypogymnia physodes and Umbilicaria polyphylla. Biologia 2009; 64 (1): 53-58.
  • [31]. Rankovic B.R., Kosanic M.M., Stanojkovic T.P., Antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer activity of the lichens Cladonia furcata, Lecanora atra and Lecanora muralis. BMC Complement Altern Med 2011; 11: 97-104.
  • [32]. Jeon H., Lökös L., Han K.S., Ryu J., Kim J.A., Koh Y.J., Hur J., Isolation of lichen forming fungi from Hungarian lichens and their antifungal activity against fungal pathogens of hot pepper anthracnose. Plant Pathol J 2009; 25 (1): 38-46.
  • [33]. Sesal C., Çobanoğlu G., Karaltı İ., Açıkgöz B., In vitro antimicrobial potential of four Ramalina lichen species from Turkey. Curr Res Environ Appl Mycol 2016; 6(3): 202-209.
  • [34]. Sarıözlü N.Y., Cankılıç M.Y., Candan M., Tay T., Antimicrobial activity of lichen Bryoria capillaris and its compound barbatalic acid. Biomed Res 2016; Special Issue, 419-423.
  • [35]. Uçarkuş E., Gökalsın B., Yıldırım N., Açıkgöz B., Özyiğitoğlu G., Sesal N.C., Balıkesir bölgesinden toplanan liken örneklerine ait özütlerin Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 üzerindeki antibakteriyel etkinlikleri Türk Mikrobiyol Cem Derg 2017; 47 (1):26-32.
  • [36]. Shivanna R., Garampolli R.H., Evaluation of fungistatic potential of lichen extracts against Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc. causing rhizome rot disease in ginger. J Appl Pharm Sci 2015; 5 (10): 62-72.
  • [37]. Rashmi S., Rajkumar H.G., Evaluation of antifungal activity of lichen extracts against Phytopathogenic fungi Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. Int. J. Curr. Res. 2015; 7 (7): 17718-17721.
  • [38]. Obeidat M., Shatnawi M., Al-Alawi M., Al-Zubi E., Al-Dmoor H., Al-Qudah M., El-Qudah J., Otri I., Antimicrobial activity of crude extracts of some plant leaves. Res J Microbiol 2012; 7 (1): 59-67.
  • [39]. Djeussi D.E., Noumedem J.A.K., Seukep J.A., Fankam A.G., Voukeng I.K., Tankeo S.B., Nkuete A.H.L., Kuete V., Antibacterial activities of selected edible plants extracts against multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. BMC Complement Altern Med 2013; 13 (164): 1-8.
  • [40]. Aoussar N., Manzali R., Nattah I., Rhallabi N., Vasiljevic P., Bouksaim M., Douira A., Manojlovic N., Mellouki F., Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of two lichens species (Pseudevernia furfuracea L and Evernia prunastri L) collected from Morocco. J Mater Environ Sci 2017; 8(6): 1968-1976.
  • [41]. Ismail M., Ali S., Abbas H.F., Mahboob T., Ahmed K., Choudhary M.I., Antioxidant potential of various fractions of lichen species of Gilgit-Baltistan, District Hunza-Nagar. Int J Biosci 2014; 5(9): 346-353.
  • [42]. Rankovic B., Kosanic M., Stanojkovic T., Stereocaulon paschale lichens as antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer agents Farmacia 2014; 62 (2): 306-317.

Influence of Some Cladonia Lichens on Plant Pathogenic Bacteria and Copper Reducing Antioxidant Capacity Activities

Year 2017, , 105 - 114, 08.12.2017

Sinem Aydın , Bahar Bılgın Sokmen , Kadir Kınalıoglu

https://doi.org/10.17776/csj.358762
Cited By: 1

Abstract

Microorganisms
such as bacteria and fungi lead many diseases in plants. A great deal of
pathogenic microorganisms has gained resistance against frequently utilized
antibiotics and synthetic fungicides. Lichens are symbiotic associations
between a fungus, an algae or a cyanobacterium. Lichens and their metabolites
are demonstrated to be encouraging alternatives to synthetic chemicals. The aim
of this study was to reveal the antibacterial effect of ethyl acetate extracts
of Cladonia stellaris, Cladonia pyxidata and Cladonia furcata lichen species.
Extracts were obtained by Soxhlet extraction. Whereas antibacterial activity
was determined by the disc diffusion method, antioxidant activity was
determined by copper reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) method. The best
antibacterial activity was found in C.
stellaris extract (25 mm), which was stronger than the positive control
antibiotics (ampicillin and tetracycline) against Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae and Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora. The CUPRAC activity was increased in
the following order: C. furcata>C. pyxidata>C. stellaris. Further
studies are needed on isolation of active constituents from lichen extracts and
their biological activity studies are to be worked out.

Keywords

Lichen Antibiotic Antioxidant activity

References

  • [1]. Al-Askar A.A., Hafez E.E., Kabeil S.A., Meghad A., Bioproduction of silver-nano particles by Fusarium oxysporum and their antimicrobial activity against some plant pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Life Sci J 2013; 10 (3), 2470-2475.
  • [2]. Bitki Koruma Rehberi, Available at: https://bitkikorumarehberi.wordpress.com/2012/08/20/ domateste-bakteriyel-kanserclavibacter-michiganensis-subsp-michiganensis/ Retrieved May 5, 2017.
  • [3]. Bitki Sağlığı Danışmanlığı, Available at: http://www.bitkisagligi. net /seftali/ ozellik. asp? patlatin=Pseudomonas%20syringae%20 pv. %20 syringae Retrieved April 29, 2017.
  • [4]. Post Harvest Diseases of Chillies, Available at: http://slideplayer.com/slide/6615220/ Retrieved April 25, 2017.
  • [5]. Joseph A., Ese E.A., Ademiluyi B.O., Aluko P.A., Efficacy of selected plant extracts in the management of tomato early blight disease caused by Alternaria solani. Asian J Plant Pathol 2017; 11: 48-52.
  • [6]. Valdes R.A., Castillo F.D.H., Cabello J.C.A., Fuentes Y.M.D., Morales G.G., Cantu D.J., Aguilar C.N., Review of antibacterial activity of plant extracts and growth-promoting microorganism (GPM) against phytopathogenic bacterial tomato crop. Eur J Biotechnol Genet Eng 2017; 4 (1): 11-36.
  • [7]. Satish S., Raveesha K.A., Janardhana G.R., Antibacterial activity of plant extracts on phytopathogenic Xanthomonas campestris pathovars. Let Appl Microbiol 1999; 28 (2): 145-147.
  • [8]. Pesticides, Environmental Pollution and Health, Available at: https://www.intechopen.com/books/environmental-health-risk-hazardous-factors-to-living-species /pesticides-environmental-pollution-and-health Retrieved April 13, 2017.
  • [9]. Naidu K.C., Vadlapaudi V., In vitro bioactivity against important phytopathogens of Rhizophora mucronata (Lam.) and Acanthus iliciformis Linn. Der Pharm Lett 2010; 2 (2): 107-110.
  • [10]. Rankovic B., Misic M., Sukdolak S., Antimicrobial activity of extracts of the lichens Cladonia furcata, Parmelia caperata, Parmelia pertusa, Hypogymnia physodes and Umbilicaria polyphylla, Biologia 2009; 64 (1), 53-58.
  • [11]. Rashmi S., Rajkumar, H.G., Evaluation of antifungal activity of lichen extracts against phytopathogenic fungi Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. Int J Curr Res 2015; 7 (7): 17718-17721.
  • [12]. Babiah P.S., Upreti D.K., John S.A., An in vitro analysis of antifungal potential of lichen species Parmotrema reticulatum against phytopathogenic fungi. Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci 2014; 3 (12): 511-518.
  • [13]. Kekuda P.T.R., Vivek M.N., Kambar Y., Manasa M., Biocontrol potential of Parmotrema species against Colletotrichium capsici isolated from anthracnose of chilli. J Biol Sci Opin 2014; 2 (2): 166-169.
  • [14]. Karasakal A., Evaluation of antioxidant activities of Brassica napus’s seeds by CUPRAC, ABTS persulphate and DMPD methods. Marmara Pharm J 2015; 19 (2): 153-158.
  • [15]. Huda-Faujan N., Noriham A., Norrakiah A.S., Babji A.S., Antioxidant activity of plants methanolic extracts containing phenolic compounds. Afr J Biotechnol 2009; 8 (3): 484-489.
  • [16]. Rico M., Sanchez I., Trujillo C., Perez N., Screening of the antioxidant properties of crude extracts of six selected plant species from the Canary Islands (Spain). J Appl Bot Food Qual 2013; 86: 217-220.
  • [17]. Smith C.W., Aproot A., Coppins B.J., Fletcher A., Gilbert O.L., James P.W., Wolseley P.A. The Lichens of Great Britain and Ireland. British Lichen Society, London.
  • [18]. Lichens and Wildlife, Available at: http://www.lichen.com/bigpix/Cstellaris.html Retrieved April 25, 2017.
  • [19]. Star- Tipped Reindeer Lichen, Available at: http://inaturalist.ca/taxa/125632-Cladonia-stellaris Retrieved May 5, 2017.
  • [20]. Ethnolichenology of The World, Available at: http://web.uvic.ca/~stucraw/part2AM.html Retrieved May 2, 2017.
  • [21]. Cladonia furcata: Wikis, Available at: http://www.thefullwiki.org/Cladonia_furcata. Retrieved May 2, 2017
  • [22]. Kumar S., Dhankhar S., Arya V.P., Yadav S., Yadav J.P., Antimicrobial activity of Salvadora oleoides Decne against some microorganisms. J. Med. Plants Res 2012; 6 (14): 2754-2760.
  • [23]. Saric C.L., Cabarkapa S.I., Beljkas M.B., Misan C.A., Sakac B.M., Plavsic V.D., Antimicrobial activity of plant extracts from Serbia. Food Process Qual Saf 2009; 1 (2): 1-5.
  • [24]. Ababutain I.M., Antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extracts from some medicinal plant. Aust J Basic Appl Sci 2011; 5 (11): 678-683.
  • [25]. Özyürek M., Bektaşoğlu B., Güçlü K., Apak R., Measurement of xanthine oxidase inhibition activity of phenolics and flavonoids with a modified cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) method. Anal. Chim. Acta 2009; 636 (1): 42-50.
  • [26]. Bisht S., Sharma S., Kumar V., Kumar M., Bisht S.S., Nautiyal B.P., Assessment of antimicrobial efficacy of secondary metabolites of lichen species from Uttarakhand temperate Himalayas, India. J Nat Prod 2014; 7: 168-176.
  • [27]. Dharmadhikari M., Jite P.K., Chettiar S., Antimicrobial activity of extracts of the lichen and its isolated mycobiont Parmelinella simplicior. Asian J Exp Biol Sci Spl 2010; 54-58.
  • [28]. Paudel B., Bhattarai H.D., Kim I.C., Lee H., Sofronov R., Ivanova L., Poryadina L., Yim J.H., Estimation of antioxidant, antimicrobial activities and brine shrimp toxicity of plants collected from Oymyakon region of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Russia. Biol Res 2014; 47: 10-16.
  • [29]. Kosanic M., Rankovic B., Stanojkovic T., Rancic A., Manojlovic N., Cladonia lichens and their major metabolites as possible natural antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer agents. LWT-Food Sci Technol 2014; 59: 518-525.
  • [30]. Rankovic B., Misic M., Sukdolak S., Antimicrobial activity of extracts of the lichens Cladonia furcata, Parmelia caperata, Parmelia pertusa, Hypogymnia physodes and Umbilicaria polyphylla. Biologia 2009; 64 (1): 53-58.
  • [31]. Rankovic B.R., Kosanic M.M., Stanojkovic T.P., Antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer activity of the lichens Cladonia furcata, Lecanora atra and Lecanora muralis. BMC Complement Altern Med 2011; 11: 97-104.
  • [32]. Jeon H., Lökös L., Han K.S., Ryu J., Kim J.A., Koh Y.J., Hur J., Isolation of lichen forming fungi from Hungarian lichens and their antifungal activity against fungal pathogens of hot pepper anthracnose. Plant Pathol J 2009; 25 (1): 38-46.
  • [33]. Sesal C., Çobanoğlu G., Karaltı İ., Açıkgöz B., In vitro antimicrobial potential of four Ramalina lichen species from Turkey. Curr Res Environ Appl Mycol 2016; 6(3): 202-209.
  • [34]. Sarıözlü N.Y., Cankılıç M.Y., Candan M., Tay T., Antimicrobial activity of lichen Bryoria capillaris and its compound barbatalic acid. Biomed Res 2016; Special Issue, 419-423.
  • [35]. Uçarkuş E., Gökalsın B., Yıldırım N., Açıkgöz B., Özyiğitoğlu G., Sesal N.C., Balıkesir bölgesinden toplanan liken örneklerine ait özütlerin Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 üzerindeki antibakteriyel etkinlikleri Türk Mikrobiyol Cem Derg 2017; 47 (1):26-32.
  • [36]. Shivanna R., Garampolli R.H., Evaluation of fungistatic potential of lichen extracts against Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc. causing rhizome rot disease in ginger. J Appl Pharm Sci 2015; 5 (10): 62-72.
  • [37]. Rashmi S., Rajkumar H.G., Evaluation of antifungal activity of lichen extracts against Phytopathogenic fungi Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. Int. J. Curr. Res. 2015; 7 (7): 17718-17721.
  • [38]. Obeidat M., Shatnawi M., Al-Alawi M., Al-Zubi E., Al-Dmoor H., Al-Qudah M., El-Qudah J., Otri I., Antimicrobial activity of crude extracts of some plant leaves. Res J Microbiol 2012; 7 (1): 59-67.
  • [39]. Djeussi D.E., Noumedem J.A.K., Seukep J.A., Fankam A.G., Voukeng I.K., Tankeo S.B., Nkuete A.H.L., Kuete V., Antibacterial activities of selected edible plants extracts against multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. BMC Complement Altern Med 2013; 13 (164): 1-8.
  • [40]. Aoussar N., Manzali R., Nattah I., Rhallabi N., Vasiljevic P., Bouksaim M., Douira A., Manojlovic N., Mellouki F., Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of two lichens species (Pseudevernia furfuracea L and Evernia prunastri L) collected from Morocco. J Mater Environ Sci 2017; 8(6): 1968-1976.
  • [41]. Ismail M., Ali S., Abbas H.F., Mahboob T., Ahmed K., Choudhary M.I., Antioxidant potential of various fractions of lichen species of Gilgit-Baltistan, District Hunza-Nagar. Int J Biosci 2014; 5(9): 346-353.
  • [42]. Rankovic B., Kosanic M., Stanojkovic T., Stereocaulon paschale lichens as antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer agents Farmacia 2014; 62 (2): 306-317.
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Journal Section Natural Sciences
Authors

Sinem Aydın

Bahar Bılgın Sokmen

Kadir Kınalıoglu

Publication Date December 8, 2017
Submission Date May 12, 2017
Acceptance Date November 22, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017

Cite

APA Aydın, S., Bılgın Sokmen, B., & Kınalıoglu, K. (2017). Influence of Some Cladonia Lichens on Plant Pathogenic Bacteria and Copper Reducing Antioxidant Capacity Activities. Cumhuriyet Science Journal, 38(4), 105-114. https://doi.org/10.17776/csj.358762

Cited By

Bioassay-guided isolation of antimycobacterial substances from the traditionally used lichen Cladonia pyxidata (L.) Hoffm.
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https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-022-03159-6