Synthesis and Characterization of Tb–Er Co–Doped Bi2O3 Solid Electrolyte Systems

Murat Balcı

doi:10.17776/csj.1239911

Research Article

Synthesis and Characterization of Tb–Er Co–Doped Bi2O3 Solid Electrolyte Systems

Year 2023, , 595 - 601, 29.09.2023

Murat Balcı

https://doi.org/10.17776/csj.1239911

Abstract

In this study, solid state reactions were used to create Er–Tb co–doped Bi2O3 solid electrolyte systems. Four Point Tip Technique (FPPT), Thermo–gravimetric and Differential Thermal Analysis (TG & DTA), and X–Ray Diffraction (XRD) were used to characterize the generated samples' structural and thermal properties, and electrical conductivity. The samples 05Er05TbSB, 05Er10TbSB, and 15Er05TbSB stabilized with cubic δ–phase at room temperature, according to XRD data. Due to the smaller dopants ions compared to the host Bi3+ cation, the lattice constants estimated for these samples were lower than those of the pure cubic phase. The samples were thought to be thermally stable in the studied temperature range since the thermal curves did not show endothermic or exothermic peak development indicating a potential phase change. According to the Arrhenius equation, the temperature–dependent conductivity graphs displayed a linear change. The conductivity measurements clearly indicated that an increase in doping rate results in a sudden drop in electrical conductivity. The calculated activation energies increased with the doping ratio and varied from 0.64 eV to 1.12 eV. At 700 °C, it was determined to be 0.128 S.cm–1 for the sample 05Er05TbSB, which had the greatest conductivity and lowest activation energy among all samples. The conductivity was discovered to decrease and activation energy to increase when the doping ratio was gradually raised.

Keywords

Phase Transition, X–Ray Diffraction, Electrical Activation Energy, Electrical conductivity, Solid–State Reaction.

Project Number

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References

[1] Zakaria Z., Mat Z.A., Hassan S.H.A., Kar Y.B., A review of solid oxide fuel cell component fabrication methods toward lowering temperature, Int. J. Energy Res., 44 (2020) 594–611.
[2] Azizi M.A., Brouwer J., Progress in solid oxide fuel cell–gas turbine hybrid power systems: System design and analysis, transient operation, controls and optimization, Appl. Energy., 215 (2018) 237–289.
[3] Mahato N., Banerjee A., Gupta A., et al, Progress in material selection for solid oxide fuel cell technology: A review, Prog. Mater. Sci., 72 (2015) 141–337.
[4] Singh M., Zappa D., Comini E., Solid oxide fuel cell: Decade of progress, future perspectives and challenges, Int. J. Hydrog., 46 (2021) 27643–27674.
[5] Güldeste A., Aldoori M., Balci M., et al., Synthesis and characterization of Dy–Eu–Tm co–doped cubic phase stabilized bismuth oxide based electrolytes in terms of intermediate temperature–solid oxide fuel cells (IT–SOFCs), J. Rare Earths., 41(3) 2023 406–412.
[6] Wachsman E. D., Lee K.T., Lowering the Temperature of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, Science, 334 (2011) 935–939.
[7] Azad A.M., Larose S., Akbar S.A., Bismuth oxide–based solid electrolytes for fuel cells, J. Mater. Sci., 29(1994) 4135–4151.
[8] Arı M., Balcı M., Polat Y., Synthesis and characterization of (Bi2O3)1−x−y−z(Gd2O3)x (Sm2O3)y(Eu2O3)z quaternary solid solutions for solid oxide fuel cell, Chin. J. Phys., 56 (2018) 2958–2966.
[9] Ozlu H.T., Cakar S., Ersoy E., et al.,The bulk electrical conductivity properties of d–Bi2O3 solid electrolyte system doped with Yb2O3, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., 122 (2015) 525–536.
[10] Dilpuneet S., Aidhy J.C., Susan B.N., et al., Vacancy–Ordered Structure of Cubic Bismuth Oxide from Simulation and Crystallographic Analysis, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 91 (2008) 2349–2356.
[11] Jung D.W., Juan C.N., Duncan K.L., et al., Enhanced long–term stability of bismuth oxide–based electrolytes for operation at 500 °C, Ionics, 16 (2010) 97–103.
[12] Arasteha S., Maghsoudipour A., Alizadeh M., et al., Effect of Y2O3 and Er2O3 co–dopants on phase stabilization of bismuth oxide, Ceram. Int., 37 (2011) 3451–3455.
[13] Bandyopadhyay S., Dutta A.A., Structural insight into the electrical properties of Dy–Ho co–doped phase stabilized Bismuth Oxide based electrolytes, J. Electroanal. Chem., 817 (2018) 55–64.
[14] Cardenas P.S., Ayala M.T., Muñoz J., et al.,High ionic conductivity dysprosium and tantalum Co–doped bismuth oxide electrolyte for low–temperature SOFCs, Ionics, 26 (2020) 4579–4586.
[15] Tran T.B., Navrotsky A., Energetics of Dysprosia–Stabilized Bismuth Oxide Electrolytes, Chem. Mater., 24 (2012) 4185–4191.
[16] Wachsman E. D., Boyapati S., Jiang N., Effect of dopant polarizability on oxygen sublattice order in phase–stabilized cubic bismuth oxides, Ionics, 7 (2001) 1–6.
[17] Jung D.W., Lee K.T., Wachsman E.D., Dysprosium and Gadolinium Double Doped Bismuth Oxide Electrolytes for Low Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, J. Electrochem. Soc., 163 (2016) 411–415.
[18] Wachsman E.D., Boyapati S., Kaufman M.J., et al., Modeling of Ordered Structures of Phase–Stabilized Cubic Bismuth Oxides, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 83 (2004) 1964–1968.
[19] Wang X., Zhou W., De Lisio J.B., et al., Doped δ–bismuth oxides to investigate oxygen ion transport as a metric for condensed phase thermite ignition, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 19 (2017) 12749–12758.
[20] Jaiswal N., Gupta B., Kumar D., et al., Effect of addition of erbium stabilized bismuth oxide on the conductivity of lanthanum doped ceria solid electrolyte for IT–SOFCs, J. Alloys Compd., 633 (2015) 174–182.
[21] Trana T.B., Navrotsky A., Energetics of disordered and ordered rare earth oxide–stabilized bismuth oxide ionic conductors, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 16 (2014) 2331–2337.
[22] Kış M., Polat Y., Erdoğan B., et al., New fabricated electrolytes based on Dy3+–Tm3+ double–doped δ–Bi2O3–type cubic phase, J. Aust. Ceram. Soc., 56 (2020) 987–993.
[23] Kuo Y.L., Liu L.D., Lin S.E., et al., Assessment of structurally stable cubic Bi12TiO20 as intermediate temperature solid oxide fuels electrolyte, J. Eur. Ceram., 31 (2011) 3119–3125.
[24] Rivera O.D., Martínez A., Rodil S.E., Interpretation of the Raman spectra of bismuth oxide thin films presenting different crystallographic phases, J. Alloys Compd., 853 (2021) 157245.
[25] Hou J., Bi L., Qian J., Zhu Z., et al., Study of the Crystal Structures of New Buffer Materials Bi 1−x Y x O 1.5. J. Supercond, Nov. Magn., 23 (2010) 1011–1014.
[26] Yogamalar R., Srinivasan R., Vinu A., et al., X–ray peak broadening analysis in ZnO nanoparticles, Solid State Commun., 149 (2009) 1919–1923.
[27] Koçyiğit S., Gökmen Ö., Temel S., et al., Structural investigation of boron undoped and doped indium stabilized bismuth oxide nanoceramic powders, Ceram. Int., 39 (2013) 7767–7772.
[28] Bandyopadhyay S., Dutta A., Thermal, optical and dielectric properties of phase stabilized δ – Dy–Bi2O3 ionic conductors, J. Phys. Chem. Solids., 102 (2015) 12–20.
[29] Torun H.O., Çakar S., Thermal characterization of Er–doped and Er–Gd co–doped ceria–based electrolyte materials for SOFC, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., 133 (2018) 1233–1239.
[30] Jung D.W., Duncan K.L., Wachsman E.D., Effect of total dopant concentration and dopant ratio on conductivity of (DyO1.5)x–(WO3)y–(BiO1.5)1−x−y, Acta Mater., 58 (2010) 355–363.
[31] Painter A.S., Huang Y.L., Wachsman E.D, Durability of (La0.8Sr0.2)0.95MnO3–δ–(Er0.2Bi0.8)2O3 composite cathodes for low temperature SOFCs, J. Power Sources., 360 (2017) 391–398.
[32] Jiang N., Wachsman E.D., Structural Stability and Conductivity of Phase–Stabilized Cubic Bismuth Oxides, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 82 (1999) 3057–3064.
[33] Aytimur A., Koçyiğit S., Uslu İ., et al., Fabrication and characterization of bismuth oxide–holmia nanofibers and nanoceramics, Curr. Appl. Phys., 13 (2013) 581–58.
[34] Chou T., Liu L.D., Wei W.C.J., Phase stability and electric conductivity of Er2O3–Nb2O5 co–doped Bi2O3 electrolyte, J. Eur. Ceram., 31 (2011) 3087–3094.
[35] Panuh D., Ali S.A.M., Yulianto D., et al., Effect of yttrium–stabilized bismuth bilayer electrolyte thickness on the electrochemical performance of anode–supported solid oxide fuel cells, Ceram. Int., 47 (2021) 6310–6317.
[36] Wachsman E.D., Effect of oxygen sublattice order on conductivity in highly defective fluorite oxides, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 24 (2004) 1281–1285.
[37] Fruth V., Ianculescu A., Berger D., et al., Synthesis, structure and properties of doped Bi2O3, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 26 (2006) 3011–3016.

Year 2023, , 595 - 601, 29.09.2023

Murat Balcı

https://doi.org/10.17776/csj.1239911

Abstract

In this study, solid state reactions were used to create Er–Tb co–doped Bi2O3 solid electrolyte systems. Four Point Tip Technique (FPPT), Thermo–gravimetric and Differential Thermal Analysis (TG & DTA), and X–Ray Diffraction (XRD) were used to characterize the generated samples' structural, thermal, and conductivity properties. The samples 05Er05TbSB, 05Er10TbSB, and 15Er05TbSB stabilized with cubic δ–phase at room temperature, according to XRD data. Due to the smaller dopants ions compared to the host Bi3+ cation, the lattice constants estimated for these samples were lower than those of the pure cubic phase. The samples were thought to be thermally stable in the studied temperature range since the thermal curves did not show endothermic or exothermic peak development indicating a potential phase change. According to the Arrhenius equation, the temperature–dependent conductivity graphs displayed a linear change. The conductivity measurements clearly indicated that an increase in doping rate results in a sudden drop in ion conductivity. The calculated activation energies increased with the doping ratio and varied from 0.64 eV to 1.12 eV. At 700 °C, it was determined to be 0.128 S.cm–1 for the sample 05Er05TbSB, which had the greatest conductivity and lowest activation energy among all samples. The conductivity was discovered to decrease and activation energy to increase when the doping ratio was gradually raised.

Keywords

Faz Geçişi, X–Işını Kırınımı, Elektriksel Aktivasyon Enerjisi, İyon İletkenliği, Katı-Hal Reaksiyonu

Supporting Institution

Herhangi bir kurum tarafından desteklenmemiştir.

Project Number

---

Thanks

Karakterizasyon ve sentez çalışmalarının yürütüldüğü Erciyes Üniversitesi Teknoloji Araştırma ve Geliştirme Merkezi'ne (TAUM) teşekkür ediyorum.

References

[1] Zakaria Z., Mat Z.A., Hassan S.H.A., Kar Y.B., A review of solid oxide fuel cell component fabrication methods toward lowering temperature, Int. J. Energy Res., 44 (2020) 594–611.
[2] Azizi M.A., Brouwer J., Progress in solid oxide fuel cell–gas turbine hybrid power systems: System design and analysis, transient operation, controls and optimization, Appl. Energy., 215 (2018) 237–289.
[3] Mahato N., Banerjee A., Gupta A., et al, Progress in material selection for solid oxide fuel cell technology: A review, Prog. Mater. Sci., 72 (2015) 141–337.
[4] Singh M., Zappa D., Comini E., Solid oxide fuel cell: Decade of progress, future perspectives and challenges, Int. J. Hydrog., 46 (2021) 27643–27674.
[5] Güldeste A., Aldoori M., Balci M., et al., Synthesis and characterization of Dy–Eu–Tm co–doped cubic phase stabilized bismuth oxide based electrolytes in terms of intermediate temperature–solid oxide fuel cells (IT–SOFCs), J. Rare Earths., 41(3) 2023 406–412.
[6] Wachsman E. D., Lee K.T., Lowering the Temperature of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, Science, 334 (2011) 935–939.
[7] Azad A.M., Larose S., Akbar S.A., Bismuth oxide–based solid electrolytes for fuel cells, J. Mater. Sci., 29(1994) 4135–4151.
[8] Arı M., Balcı M., Polat Y., Synthesis and characterization of (Bi2O3)1−x−y−z(Gd2O3)x (Sm2O3)y(Eu2O3)z quaternary solid solutions for solid oxide fuel cell, Chin. J. Phys., 56 (2018) 2958–2966.
[9] Ozlu H.T., Cakar S., Ersoy E., et al.,The bulk electrical conductivity properties of d–Bi2O3 solid electrolyte system doped with Yb2O3, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., 122 (2015) 525–536.
[10] Dilpuneet S., Aidhy J.C., Susan B.N., et al., Vacancy–Ordered Structure of Cubic Bismuth Oxide from Simulation and Crystallographic Analysis, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 91 (2008) 2349–2356.
[11] Jung D.W., Juan C.N., Duncan K.L., et al., Enhanced long–term stability of bismuth oxide–based electrolytes for operation at 500 °C, Ionics, 16 (2010) 97–103.
[12] Arasteha S., Maghsoudipour A., Alizadeh M., et al., Effect of Y2O3 and Er2O3 co–dopants on phase stabilization of bismuth oxide, Ceram. Int., 37 (2011) 3451–3455.
[13] Bandyopadhyay S., Dutta A.A., Structural insight into the electrical properties of Dy–Ho co–doped phase stabilized Bismuth Oxide based electrolytes, J. Electroanal. Chem., 817 (2018) 55–64.
[14] Cardenas P.S., Ayala M.T., Muñoz J., et al.,High ionic conductivity dysprosium and tantalum Co–doped bismuth oxide electrolyte for low–temperature SOFCs, Ionics, 26 (2020) 4579–4586.
[15] Tran T.B., Navrotsky A., Energetics of Dysprosia–Stabilized Bismuth Oxide Electrolytes, Chem. Mater., 24 (2012) 4185–4191.
[16] Wachsman E. D., Boyapati S., Jiang N., Effect of dopant polarizability on oxygen sublattice order in phase–stabilized cubic bismuth oxides, Ionics, 7 (2001) 1–6.
[17] Jung D.W., Lee K.T., Wachsman E.D., Dysprosium and Gadolinium Double Doped Bismuth Oxide Electrolytes for Low Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, J. Electrochem. Soc., 163 (2016) 411–415.
[18] Wachsman E.D., Boyapati S., Kaufman M.J., et al., Modeling of Ordered Structures of Phase–Stabilized Cubic Bismuth Oxides, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 83 (2004) 1964–1968.
[19] Wang X., Zhou W., De Lisio J.B., et al., Doped δ–bismuth oxides to investigate oxygen ion transport as a metric for condensed phase thermite ignition, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 19 (2017) 12749–12758.
[20] Jaiswal N., Gupta B., Kumar D., et al., Effect of addition of erbium stabilized bismuth oxide on the conductivity of lanthanum doped ceria solid electrolyte for IT–SOFCs, J. Alloys Compd., 633 (2015) 174–182.
[21] Trana T.B., Navrotsky A., Energetics of disordered and ordered rare earth oxide–stabilized bismuth oxide ionic conductors, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 16 (2014) 2331–2337.
[22] Kış M., Polat Y., Erdoğan B., et al., New fabricated electrolytes based on Dy3+–Tm3+ double–doped δ–Bi2O3–type cubic phase, J. Aust. Ceram. Soc., 56 (2020) 987–993.
[23] Kuo Y.L., Liu L.D., Lin S.E., et al., Assessment of structurally stable cubic Bi12TiO20 as intermediate temperature solid oxide fuels electrolyte, J. Eur. Ceram., 31 (2011) 3119–3125.
[24] Rivera O.D., Martínez A., Rodil S.E., Interpretation of the Raman spectra of bismuth oxide thin films presenting different crystallographic phases, J. Alloys Compd., 853 (2021) 157245.
[25] Hou J., Bi L., Qian J., Zhu Z., et al., Study of the Crystal Structures of New Buffer Materials Bi 1−x Y x O 1.5. J. Supercond, Nov. Magn., 23 (2010) 1011–1014.
[26] Yogamalar R., Srinivasan R., Vinu A., et al., X–ray peak broadening analysis in ZnO nanoparticles, Solid State Commun., 149 (2009) 1919–1923.
[27] Koçyiğit S., Gökmen Ö., Temel S., et al., Structural investigation of boron undoped and doped indium stabilized bismuth oxide nanoceramic powders, Ceram. Int., 39 (2013) 7767–7772.
[28] Bandyopadhyay S., Dutta A., Thermal, optical and dielectric properties of phase stabilized δ – Dy–Bi2O3 ionic conductors, J. Phys. Chem. Solids., 102 (2015) 12–20.
[29] Torun H.O., Çakar S., Thermal characterization of Er–doped and Er–Gd co–doped ceria–based electrolyte materials for SOFC, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., 133 (2018) 1233–1239.
[30] Jung D.W., Duncan K.L., Wachsman E.D., Effect of total dopant concentration and dopant ratio on conductivity of (DyO1.5)x–(WO3)y–(BiO1.5)1−x−y, Acta Mater., 58 (2010) 355–363.
[31] Painter A.S., Huang Y.L., Wachsman E.D, Durability of (La0.8Sr0.2)0.95MnO3–δ–(Er0.2Bi0.8)2O3 composite cathodes for low temperature SOFCs, J. Power Sources., 360 (2017) 391–398.
[32] Jiang N., Wachsman E.D., Structural Stability and Conductivity of Phase–Stabilized Cubic Bismuth Oxides, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 82 (1999) 3057–3064.
[33] Aytimur A., Koçyiğit S., Uslu İ., et al., Fabrication and characterization of bismuth oxide–holmia nanofibers and nanoceramics, Curr. Appl. Phys., 13 (2013) 581–58.
[34] Chou T., Liu L.D., Wei W.C.J., Phase stability and electric conductivity of Er2O3–Nb2O5 co–doped Bi2O3 electrolyte, J. Eur. Ceram., 31 (2011) 3087–3094.
[35] Panuh D., Ali S.A.M., Yulianto D., et al., Effect of yttrium–stabilized bismuth bilayer electrolyte thickness on the electrochemical performance of anode–supported solid oxide fuel cells, Ceram. Int., 47 (2021) 6310–6317.
[36] Wachsman E.D., Effect of oxygen sublattice order on conductivity in highly defective fluorite oxides, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 24 (2004) 1281–1285.
[37] Fruth V., Ianculescu A., Berger D., et al., Synthesis, structure and properties of doped Bi2O3, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 26 (2006) 3011–3016.

There are 37 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language	English
Subjects	Classical Physics (Other)
Journal Section	Natural Sciences
Authors	Murat Balcı 0000-0003-1297-1691
Project Number	---
Publication Date	September 29, 2023
Submission Date	April 3, 2023
Acceptance Date	August 7, 2023
Published in Issue	Year 2023

Cite

APA	Balcı, M. (2023). Synthesis and Characterization of Tb–Er Co–Doped Bi2O3 Solid Electrolyte Systems. Cumhuriyet Science Journal, 44(3), 595-601. https://doi.org/10.17776/csj.1239911

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