Evaluation of Serum Interferon Regulatory Factors (IRF-1, IRF-2, and IRF-4) in Patients with Tularemia

Serkan Bolat; Yasemin Çakır Kıymaz; Murtaza Öz; Ertuğrul Keskin

doi:10.17776/csj.1854559

Evaluation of Serum Interferon Regulatory Factors (IRF-1, IRF-2, and IRF-4) in Patients with Tularemia

Abstract

Tularemia caused by Francisella tularensis, is characterized by a complex interplay between the pathogen and the host’s innate immune system. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic potential of serum interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) and their association with clinical outcomes in patients with tularemia. In this prospective case-control study, 35 adult patients diagnosed with tularemia at Cumhuriyet University Hospital (June–August 2024) and 30 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were enrolled. Serum levels of IRF-1, IRF-2, and IRF-4 were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Among the 35 patients (71.4% female; mean age 45.7±16.7 years), the oropharyngeal form was the predominant clinical presentation (80%). Serum levels of IRF-1, IRF-2, and IRF-4 were significantly higher in the patient group compared to controls (p < 0.001). Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis demonstrated that all three IRFs possessed high discriminative power between patients and healty controls, with Area Under the Curve (AUC) values exceeding 0.80. Specifically, IRF-2 and IRF-4 exhibited sensitivities and specificities above 90% at optimal cutoff values. No statistically significant correlation was found between IRF levels and treatment failure or the requirement for lymph node dissection (p > 0.05). Elevated serum levels of IRF-1, IRF-2, and IRF-4 reflect a robust systemic immune response against F. tularensis. These transcription factors, particularly IRF-2 and IRF-4, show promise as adjunct biomarkers for monitoring host immune activation during tularemia infection.

Keywords

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Cellular Interactions

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Serkan Bolat
0000-0002-8669-8782
Türkiye

Yasemin Çakır Kıymaz ^*
0000-0001-5510-3216
Türkiye

Murtaza Öz
0000-0003-3415-5927
Türkiye

Ertuğrul Keskin
0000-0002-8447-7695
Türkiye

Publication Date

April 29, 2026

Submission Date

January 2, 2026

Acceptance Date

April 15, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 47 Number: 2

DOI

https://doi.org/10.17776/csj.1854559

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA23RY92MX

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Bolat, S., Çakır Kıymaz, Y., Öz, M., & Keskin, E. (2026). Evaluation of Serum Interferon Regulatory Factors (IRF-1, IRF-2, and IRF-4) in Patients with Tularemia. Cumhuriyet Science Journal, 47(2), 258-265. https://doi.org/10.17776/csj.1854559

AMA

1.Bolat S, Çakır Kıymaz Y, Öz M, Keskin E. Evaluation of Serum Interferon Regulatory Factors (IRF-1, IRF-2, and IRF-4) in Patients with Tularemia. CSJ. 2026;47(2):258-265. doi:10.17776/csj.1854559

Chicago

Bolat, Serkan, Yasemin Çakır Kıymaz, Murtaza Öz, and Ertuğrul Keskin. 2026. “Evaluation of Serum Interferon Regulatory Factors (IRF-1, IRF-2, and IRF-4) in Patients With Tularemia”. Cumhuriyet Science Journal 47 (2): 258-65. https://doi.org/10.17776/csj.1854559.

EndNote

Bolat S, Çakır Kıymaz Y, Öz M, Keskin E (April 1, 2026) Evaluation of Serum Interferon Regulatory Factors (IRF-1, IRF-2, and IRF-4) in Patients with Tularemia. Cumhuriyet Science Journal 47 2 258–265.

IEEE

[1]S. Bolat, Y. Çakır Kıymaz, M. Öz, and E. Keskin, “Evaluation of Serum Interferon Regulatory Factors (IRF-1, IRF-2, and IRF-4) in Patients with Tularemia”, CSJ, vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 258–265, Apr. 2026, doi: 10.17776/csj.1854559.

ISNAD

Bolat, Serkan - Çakır Kıymaz, Yasemin - Öz, Murtaza - Keskin, Ertuğrul. “Evaluation of Serum Interferon Regulatory Factors (IRF-1, IRF-2, and IRF-4) in Patients With Tularemia”. Cumhuriyet Science Journal 47/2 (April 1, 2026): 258-265. https://doi.org/10.17776/csj.1854559.

JAMA

1.Bolat S, Çakır Kıymaz Y, Öz M, Keskin E. Evaluation of Serum Interferon Regulatory Factors (IRF-1, IRF-2, and IRF-4) in Patients with Tularemia. CSJ. 2026;47:258–265.

MLA

Bolat, Serkan, et al. “Evaluation of Serum Interferon Regulatory Factors (IRF-1, IRF-2, and IRF-4) in Patients With Tularemia”. Cumhuriyet Science Journal, vol. 47, no. 2, Apr. 2026, pp. 258-65, doi:10.17776/csj.1854559.

Vancouver

1.Serkan Bolat, Yasemin Çakır Kıymaz, Murtaza Öz, Ertuğrul Keskin. Evaluation of Serum Interferon Regulatory Factors (IRF-1, IRF-2, and IRF-4) in Patients with Tularemia. CSJ. 2026 Apr. 1;47(2):258-65. doi:10.17776/csj.1854559