Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Characterization of Green Synthesized Cadmium Sulfide Nanoparticles Using Morchella esculenta Mushroom

Year 2025, Volume: 46 Issue: 4, 854 - 862, 30.12.2025

Osman Çaylak , Ali Zeytünlüoğlu , Halil İbrahim Çetintaş , Yılmaz Mert

https://doi.org/10.17776/csj.1749239

Abstract

In this study, the green synthesis and characterization of cadmium sulfide nanoparticles (CdS NPs) using Morchella esculenta (ME) mushroom extract as a coating and reducing agent were investigated in detail. It was observed that the synthesized CdS nanoparticles have a cubic zinc-blende crystal structure, as confirmed by XRD measurements. The concentration of ME extracts significantly affected particle size; an increase in extract volume led to the formation of smaller nanoparticles (3.63–6.79 nm according to UV-Vis models; 2.29–3.02 nm according to XRD). In addition to the presence of typical Cd-S bonds, FTIR spectra confirmed the role of fungal biomolecules (proteins, polysaccharides) in the coating and stabilization of nanoparticles. At absorption maxima, we observed significant blue shifts (515 nm compared to 453–481 nm for CdS) and broadened band gaps (2.58–2.74 eV) in the UV-Vis spectra, confirming quantum confinement. SEM-EDX analysis revealed that the elements were pure (the ratio of Cd to S was 1:1) and that the shape of the nanoparticles corresponded to the sizes observed in the XRD/UV-Vis data. This study presents a straightforward and eco-friendly process for creating CdS nanoparticles smaller than 5 nm.

Keywords

CdS nanoparticles Green synthesis Morchella esculenta Mushroom

Ethical Statement

This study was conducted in accordance with relevant ethical guidelines. The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

References

  • [1] H. Kumar, K. Bhardwaj, K. Kuča, A. Kalia, E. Nepovimova, R. Verma, D. Kumar, Flower-based green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles: Applications beyond fragrance, Nanomaterials, 10 (2020) 766.
  • [2] V. Noory, R. Saeedy, Green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles using Citrus limetta (sweet lime) peel waste, (2021).
  • [3] C. Jayaseelan, A.A. Rahuman, A.V. Kirthi, S. Marimuthu, T. Santhoshkumar, A. Bagavan, K. Gaurav, L. Karthik, K.B. Rao, Novel microbial route to synthesize ZnO nanoparticles using Aeromonas hydrophila and their activity against pathogenic bacteria and fungi, Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 90 (2012) 78-84.
  • [4] K. Gopinath, V. Karthika, S. Gowri, V. Senthilkumar, S. Kumaresan, A. Arumugam, Antibacterial activity of ruthenium nanoparticles synthesized using Gloriosa superba L. leaf extract, Journal of Nanostructure in Chemistry, 4 (2014) 83.
  • [5] N.M. Hamdy, A.A. Boseila, A. Ramadan, E.B. Basalious, Iron oxide nanoparticles-plant insignia synthesis with favorable biomedical activities and less toxicity, in the “era of the-green”: a systematic review, Pharmaceutics, 14 (2022) 844.
  • [6] A.I. Osman, Y. Zhang, M. Farghali, A.K. Rashwan, A.S. Eltaweil, E.M. Abd El-Monaem, I.M. Mohamed, M.M. Badr, I. Ihara, D.W. Rooney, Synthesis of green nanoparticles for energy, biomedical, environmental, agricultural, and food applications: A review, Environ. Chem. Lett., 22 (2024) 841-887.
  • [7] N. Dey, D. Santhiya, A. Das, Bio‐Inspired Synthesis of Hollow Mesoporous Bioactive Glass Nanoparticles Using Calcium Carbonate as Solid Template, ChemistrySelect, 7 (2022) e202200392.
  • [8] C. Wu, T. Zhang, B. Ji, Y. Chou, X. Du, Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Aloe vera leaf extract and evaluation of the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of the ZnO/regenerated cellulose film, Cellulose, 31 (2024) 4849-4864.
  • [9] M.A. Abu-Tahon, F.A. Alshammari, I.M. Shahhat, M. Ghareib, W.E. Abdallah, Eco-friendly synthesis, characterization, and biomedical applications of biosynthesized bimetallic silver-gold nanoparticles by culture supernatant of Aspergillus niger, Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 197 (2025) 137-158.
  • [10] B. Cardoso, G. Nobrega, M. Machado, R.A. Lima, Green synthesis of copper ferrite-based nanofluids using Chlorella vulgaris for heat transfer enhancement, J. Mol. Liq., 428 (2025) 127498.
  • [11] S.M. Ansari, Q. Saquib, H.A. Alwathnani, S.A. Alharbi, M.R. Shaik, M. Kuniyil, S.F. Adil, M.A. Siddiqui, J. Ahmad, R. Wahab, One-pot green synthesis of platinum nanoparticles (Pt-NPs) using Sargassum polyphyllum extract displays nanodrug prospects against human cervical, breast, and colon cancer cells, Algal Research, (2025) 104278.
  • [12] C. Rathore, V.K. Yadav, A. Amari, A. Meena, T. Chinedu Egbosiuba, R.K. Verma, N. Mahdhi, N. Choudhary, D.K. Sahoo, R.S. Chundawat, Synthesis and characterization of titanium dioxide nanoparticles from Bacillus subtilis MTCC 8322 and its application for the removal of methylene blue and orange G dyes under UV light and visible light, Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 11 (2024) 1323249.
  • [13] N. Tabassum, F. Khan, G.-J. Jeong, D.-M. Jo, Y.-M. Kim, Silver nanoparticles synthesized from Pseudomonas aeruginosa pyoverdine: Antibiofilm and antivirulence agents, Biofilm, 7 (2024) 100192.
  • [14] S.A. Amin, M.E. Dawood, M. Mahmoud, D.M. Bassiouny, M.M. Moustafa, K. Abd El Ghany, Innovative synthesis and molecular modeling of actinomycetes-derived silver nanoparticles for biomedical applications, Microb. Pathog., 196 (2024) 106990.
  • [15] B. Cinar-Acar, Size reduction of selenium nanoparticles synthesized from yeast beta glucan using cold atmospheric plasma, Sci. Rep., 15 (2025) 25875.
  • [16] A. Parihar, P. Sharma, N.K. Choudhary, R. Khan, A. Gupta, R.K. Sen, H.C. Prasad, M. Ashiq, Green synthesis of CdS and CdS/rGO nanocomposites: evaluation of electrochemical, antimicrobial, and photocatalytic properties, ACS Applied Bio Materials, 6 (2023) 3706-3716.
  • [17] A. Ghasempour, H. Dehghan, M. Ataee, B. Chen, Z. Zhao, M. Sedighi, X. Guo, M.-A. Shahbazi, Cadmium sulfide nanoparticles: preparation, characterization, and biomedical applications, Molecules, 28 (2023) 3857.
  • [18] N. Shreyash, S. Bajpai, M.A. Khan, Y. Vijay, S.K. Tiwary, M. Sonker, Green synthesis of nanoparticles and their biomedical applications: a review, ACS Applied Nano Materials, 4 (2021) 11428-11457.
  • [19] K. El Ouardy, H. Ahmoum, Y. Mir, Biological Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles: Latest Insights and Applications, (2024).
  • [20] B. Khatiwara, S. Singh, S. Sarangi, A. Das, J. Dhakal, P. Chakraborty, Application of plant extracts for the synthesis of nanoparticles in green chemistry: A concise update, Current Nanomaterials, 8 (2023) 224-232.
  • [21] N. Moustafa, K.E.F. Mahmoud, Hybrid Polytypic Cadmium Sulfide Nanoparticles Templated with Harmal Leaf Extract for Antimicrobial Applications, ChemistrySelect, 10 (2025) e05245.
  • [22] Y. Kumar, M. Kaur, Exploring The Green Synthesis Of Nanoparticles And Their Multifaceted Impact On Biomedical Applications And Environmental Remediation: A Review Paper, EPH-International Journal of Applied Science, 10 (2024) 37-52.
  • [23] P. Kewlani, D. Tiwari, L. Singh, S. Balodi, I.D. Bhatt, Food and antioxidant supplements with therapeutic properties of Morchella esculenta (Ascomycetes): A review, Int. J. Med. Mushrooms, 25 (2023).
  • [24] M. Du, S. Huang, Z. Huang, L. Qian, Y. Gui, J. Hu, Y. Sun, De novo assembly and characterization of the transcriptome of Morchella esculenta growth with selenium supplementation, PeerJ, 12 (2024) e17426.
  • [25] L.S. Alqarni, M.D. Alghamdi, A.A. Alshahrani, A.M. Nassar, Green nanotechnology: Recent research on bioresource‐based nanoparticle synthesis and applications, Journal of Chemistry, 2022 (2022) 4030999.
  • [26] K.B. Narayanan, N. Sakthivel, Biological synthesis of metal nanoparticles by microbes, Advances in colloid and interface science, 156 (2010) 1-13.
  • [27] S.L. Badshah, A. Riaz, A. Muhammad, G. Tel Çayan, F. Çayan, M. Emin Duru, N. Ahmad, A.-H. Emwas, M. Jaremko, Isolation, characterization, and medicinal potential of polysaccharides of Morchella esculenta, Molecules, 26 (2021) 1459.
  • [28] H. Acay, A. Yildirim, İ.G. Güney, S. Derviş, Morchella esculenta‐based chitosan bionanocomposites: Evaluation as an antifungal agent, J. Food Process. Preserv., 46 (2022) e17117.
  • [29] A.M.E. Shafey, Green synthesis of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles from plant leaf extracts and their applications: A review, Green Processing and Synthesis, 9 (2020) 304-339.
  • [30] S. Tudu, M. Zubko, J. Kusz, A. Bhattacharjee, CdS nanoparticles (< 5 nm): green synthesized using Termitomyces heimii mushroom–structural, optical and morphological studies, Appl. Phys. A, 127 (2021) 85.
  • [31] H.I. Elhenawy, N.A. Toto, A.S. Eltaweil, H.K. Hussein, M. Augustyniak, L.M. El-Samad, Assessing the toxicity of green Agaricus bisporus-based Cadmium Sulfide nanoparticles on Musca domestica as a biological model, Sci. Rep., 14 (2024) 21519.
  • [32] N. Qutub, S. Sabir, Optical, thermal and structural properties of CdS quantum dots synthesized by a simple chemical route, International Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 8 (2012) 111-120.
  • [33] Y. Yang, L. He, H. Xiang, Electrochemical synthesis of free-standing CdS nanoparticles in ethylene glycol, Russ. J. Electrochem., 42 (2006) 954-958.
  • [34] J. Wilcoxon, P. Newcomer, G. Samara, Synthesis and optical properties of MoS 2 and isomorphous nanoclusters in the quantum confinement regime, J. Appl. Phys., 81 (1997) 7934-7944.
  • [35] S. Suresh, Studies on the dielectric properties of CdS nanoparticles, Applied nanoscience, 4 (2014) 325-329.
  • [36] L. Brus, Electronic wave functions in semiconductor clusters: experiment and theory, The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 90 (1986) 2555-2560.
  • [37] W.W. Yu, L. Qu, W. Guo, X. Peng, Experimental determination of the extinction coefficient of CdTe, CdSe, and CdS nanocrystals, Chem. Mater., 15 (2003) 2854-2860.
  • [38] L. Spanhel, M. Haase, H. Weller, A. Henglein, Photochemistry of colloidal semiconductors. 20. Surface modification and stability of strong luminescing CdS particles, Journal of the American Chemical Society, 109 (1987) 5649-5655.
  • [39] M.D. Rao, G. Pennathur, Green synthesis and characterization of cadmium sulfide nanoparticles from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and their application as photocatalysts, Mater. Res. Bull., 85 (2017) 64-73.
  • [40] R. Traill, R. Boyle, Hawleyite, isometric cadmium sulfide, a new mineral, American Mineralogist: Journal of Earth and Planetary Materials, 40 (1955) 555-559.
  • [41] T. Xaba, M. Moloto, N. Moloto, The effect of water-soluble capping molecules in the “Green” synthesis of CdS nanoparticles using the (Z)-2-(pyrrolidin-2-ylidene) thiourea ligand, Mater. Lett., 146 (2015) 91-95.
  • [42] K. Kandasamy, M. Venkatesh, Y.S. Khadar, P. Rajasingh, One-pot green synthesis of CdS quantum dots using Opuntia ficus-indica fruit sap, Materials Today: Proceedings, 26 (2020) 3503-3506.
  • [43] D. Ayodhya, G. Veerabhadram, One-pot green synthesis, characterization, photocatalytic, sensing and antimicrobial studies of Calotropis gigantea leaf extract capped CdS NPs, Materials Science and Engineering: B, 225 (2017) 33-44.
  • [44] J. Joseph, N. Mishra, V. Mehto, A. Banerjee, R. Pandey, Structural, optical and magnetic characterisation of bifunctional core shell nanostructure of Fe3O4/CdS synthesised using a room temperature aqueous route, J. Exp. Nanosci., 9 (2014) 807-817.
  • [45] P. Scherrer, Estimation of the size and internal structure of colloidal particles by means of röntgen, Nachr. Ges. Wiss. Göttingen, 2 (1918) 96-100.
  • [46] C. Baudot, C.M. Tan, J.C. Kong, FTIR spectroscopy as a tool for nano-material characterization, Infrared Physics & Technology, 53 (2010) 434-438.
  • [47] S. Kumar, J. Sharma, Stable phase CdS nanoparticles for optoelectronics: a study on surface morphology, structural and optical characterization, Materials Science-Poland, 34 (2016) 368-373.
  • [48] A. Elfalaky, A. Mansur, F.A. Maged, Polyaniline-CdSNanocomposite; synthesis, structural, thermal and spectroscopic analysis, IOSR J Appl Phys (IOSR-JAP), 7 (2015) 92-100.
  • [49] R. Tiwari, V. Dubey, R.K. Tamrakar, Copper doped cadmium sulfide (Cds: Cu) quantum particles: Topological, morphology and photoluminescence studies, Int. J. Ind. Eng. Tech, 3 (2013) 67-74.
  • [50] A. Ullah, S. Rasheed, I. Ali, N. Ullah, Plant Mediated Synthesis of CdS Nanoparticles, their characterization and application for photocatalytic degradation of toxic organic dye, Chemical Review and Letters, 4 (2021) 98-107.
  • [51] P.K. Deheri, B. Kar, Identification and Quantification of Nanomaterials in Consumer Product, Handbook of Consumer Nanoproducts, Springer 2022, 101-139.
  • [52] S. Munyai, Z. Tetana, M. Mathipa, B. Ntsendwana, N. Hintsho-Mbita, Green synthesis of Cadmium Sulfide nanoparticles for the photodegradation of Malachite green dye, Sulfisoxazole and removal of bacteria, Optik, 247 (2021) 167851.
  • [53] A. Azmand, S. Firoozi, D.F. Haghshenas, Facile green synthesis of CdS nanoparticles in a glycine medium for waste valorization of Ni-Cd battery, Waste and Biomass Valorization, (2025) 1-13.
  • [54] K.V. Jarhad, A.A. Pawanoji, P.S. Parab, A.S. Pawar, Green synthesis of multifunctional CdS nanoparticles from cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) extract-functionalized for In vitro biomedical, photocatalytic degradation and photoelectrochemical applications, BioNanoScience, 15 (2025) 155.
  • [55] S.R.K. Pandian, V. Deepak, K. Kalishwaralal, S. Gurunathan, Biologically synthesized fluorescent CdS NPs encapsulated by PHB, Enzyme and microbial technology, 48 (2011) 319-325.
  • [56] S. Panda, A. Sahu, A. Patra, B. Nahak, B. Patra, S. Mahato, S. Mahata, Photoinduced charge transfer interaction between citrus limon extract passivated colloidal CdS with methyl violet & beta vulgaris dyes, Materials Today: Proceedings, 47 (2021) 1197-1202.
  • [57] R. Golabiazar, G.S. Qadir, Z.A. Faqe, K.M. Khalid, K.I. Othman, N.F. Rasool, H.F. Saeed, Green biosynthesis of CdS NPs and CdS/Fe3O4 NCs by hawthorn plant extract for photodegradation of methyl orange dye and antibacterial applications, J. Cluster Sci., 33 (2022) 1223-1238.
  • [58] G.J. Zhou, S.H. Li, Y.C. Zhang, Y.Z. Fu, Biosynthesis of CdS nanoparticles in banana peel extract, Journal of nanoscience and nanotechnology, 14 (2014) 4437-4442.
  • [59] N. Akhtar, H. Ullah, M. Akif, I. Khan, F. Ali, N.Z.K. Mohmand, Antifungal and Antibacterial Activity of Lathyrus Aphaca L. Mediated Green Synthesized CdS Nanoparticles and their Characterization, (2024).
  • [60] G.T. Elakkiya, G. Sundararajan, R. Lakshmipathy, P. Anitha, N. Muruganantham, Prolific application of green synthesised CdS nanoparticles for the sequestration of cationic dyes from aqueous solution, Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop., 38 (2024) 631-645.
  • [61] T. Rajkumar, L. Venkateswaran, S. Thirunavukkarasu, S.A. Rangasamy, A Facile Synthesis and Characterisation of CdS Nanoparticles at Low Temperature Using Aegle Marmelos Extract, Journal of Physics: Conference Series, IOP Publishing, 2024, pp. 012002.
  • [62] R. Sanghi, P. Verma, A facile green extracellular biosynthesis of CdS nanoparticles by immobilized fungus, Chem. Eng. J., 155 (2009) 886-891.
  • [63] M. Borovaya, Y. Pirko, T. Krupodorova, A. Naumenko, Y. Blume, A. Yemets, Biosynthesis of cadmium sulfide quantum dots by using Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm, Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment, 29 (2015) 1156-1163.
There are 63 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Inorganic Green Chemistry
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Osman Çaylak 0000-0001-8227-3456

Ali Zeytünlüoğlu 0000-0002-2534-7241

Halil İbrahim Çetintaş 0000-0003-1769-0098

Yılmaz Mert 0000-0003-3843-9177

Submission Date July 24, 2025
Acceptance Date December 5, 2025
Publication Date December 30, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 46 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Çaylak, O., Zeytünlüoğlu, A., Çetintaş, H. İ., Mert, Y. (2025). Characterization of Green Synthesized Cadmium Sulfide Nanoparticles Using Morchella esculenta Mushroom. Cumhuriyet Science Journal, 46(4), 854-862. https://doi.org/10.17776/csj.1749239

Editor