Inflammatory and Biochemical Concepts in Children with Specific Learning Disorders: A Comparative Study

Cansu Mercan Işık; Ayla Uzun Çiçek; Melih Uğur Karaarslan; Serdar Akkuş; Dilara Ülger Özbek

doi:10.17776/csj.1521639

EN

Inflammatory and Biochemical Concepts in Children with Specific Learning Disorders: A Comparative Study

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the role of inflammation and biochemical parameters in children with Specific Learning Disorders (SLD) and to evaluate these parameters based on the severity of SLD.The study was planned as a retrospective. 39 children diagnosed with SLD and 32 healthy controls aged 6-16 years, who had hemogram and biochemistry tests performed at their admission, were included in the study. Diagnoses were based on DSM-5 criteria, clinical interviews, family interviews, and assessments of reading, writing, and math skills. The study received ethical approval from the Cumhuriyet University Non-Invasive Clinical Research Ethics Committee.Lymphocyte count and WBC were significantly higher in the SLD group (p = 0.003, p = 0.006, respectively). A significant difference was detected between the groups regarding platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR) (p = 0.047). No significant differences were found in blood parameters (erythrocyte, neutrophil, lymphocyte, WBC, platelet, T4, TSH, folic acid, vitamin B12, PLR, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR)) when evaluated according to the severity of SLD.The results of our study suggest that inflammation may play a role in SLD, but further research with larger sample sizes, longitudinal designs, and comprehensive assessments of inflammatory markers is needed to better understand these associations.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

None

Ethical Statement

The study was started after approval was obtained from the Cumhuriyet University Non-interventional Clinical Research Ethics Committee (dated 16.05.2024, numbered 2024/05-14).

References

[1] Jalenques I., Auclair C., Morand D., Legrand G., Marcheix M., Ramanoel C., Health-related quality of life, anxiety, and depression in parents of adolescents with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: A controlled study, Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 26 (5) (2017) 603-617.
[2] Öncü T., An immunological perspective on neurodevelopmental disorders, Curr. Perspect. Health Sci., 2 (2) (2021) 44-50.
[3] American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5, 5th ed., American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC, 2013.
[4] Leffa D.T., Torres I.L.S., Rohde L.A., A review on the role of inflammation in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, Neuroimmunomodulation, 25 (5-6) (2018) 328-333.
[5] Anand D., Colpo G.D., Zeni G., Zeni C.P., Teixeira A.L., Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and inflammation: What does current knowledge tell us? A systematic review, Front, Psychiatry, 8 (2017) 228.
[6] Dunn G.A., Nigg J.T., Sullivan E.L., Neuroinflammation as a risk factor for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 182 (2019) 22-34.
[7] Tural Hesapcioglu S., Kasak M., Cıtak Kurt A.N., Ceylan M.F., High monocyte level and low lymphocyte to monocyte ratio in autism spectrum disorders, Int. J. Dev. Disabil., 65 (2) (2019) 73-81.
[8] Karageorgiou V., Milas G.P., Michopoulos I., Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis, Schizophr. Res., 206 (2019) 4-12.

[9] Bustan Y., Drapisz A., Ben Dor D.H., Avrahami M., Schwartz-Lifshitz M., Weizman A., Elevated neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio in non-affective psychotic adolescent inpatients: Evidence for an early association between inflammation and psychosis, Psychiatry Res., 262 (2018) 149-153.
[10] Örüm M.H., Kara M.Z., Eğilmez O.B., Determination of vitamin B12, folate, and ferritin levels of inpatients in a psychiatry clinic: A one-year retrospective study, Istanbul Bilim Univ. Florence Nightingale J. Med., 4 (2) (2018) 71-78.
[11] Li C., Lai J., Huang T., Han Y., Du Y., Xu Y., Thyroid functions in patients with bipolar disorder and the impact of quetiapine monotherapy: A retrospective, naturalistic study, Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat., 15 (2019) 2285-2290.
[12] Esnafoğlu E., Serum folate, vitamin B12, homocysteine and vitamin D levels in children with specific learning disorder, Bozok Tıp Derg., 8 (3) (2018) 59-64.
[13] Taşkın B.D., Karalök Z.S., Aydoğmuş Ü., Gürkaş E., Yoldaş M., Güven A., Zinc and B12 vitamin levels in children with specific learning disorder, J. Pediatr. Res., 3 (4) (2016) 187-190.
[14] Altun H., Sahin N., Belge Kurutas E., Güngör O., Homocysteine, pyridoxine, folate and vitamin B12 levels in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Psychiatr. Danub., 30 (3) (2018) 310-316.
[15] Unal D., Çelebi F., Bildik H.N., Koyuncu A., Karahan S., Vitamin B12, and hemoglobin levels may be related with ADHD symptoms: A study in Turkish children with ADHD, Psychiatry Clin. Psychopharmacol., 29 (4) (2019) 515-519.
[16] Topal Z., Tufan A. E., Karadag M., Gokcen C., Akkaya C., Sarp A. S., Kilinc M., Evaluation of peripheral inflammatory markers, serum B12, folate, ferritin levels and clinical correlations in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Nordic journal of psychiatry, 76(2) (2022) 150-157.
[17] Chen, G., Gao, W., Xu, Y., Chen, H., & Cai, H., Serum TSH levels are Associated with hyperactivity behaviors in children with attention Deficit/Hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, (2023) 557-564.
[18] Chen X., Yao T., Cai J., Fu X., Li H., Wu J., Systemic inflammatory regulators and 7 major psychiatric disorders: A two-sample Mendelian randomization study, Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry, 116 (2022) 110534.
[19] Mitchell R.H., Goldstein B.I., Inflammation in children and adolescents with neuropsychiatric disorders: A systematic review, J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 53 (3) (2014) 274-296.
[20] Voltas N., Arija V., Hernández-Martínez C., Jiménez-Feijoo R., Ferré N., Canals J., Are there early inflammatory biomarkers that affect neurodevelopment in infancy?, J. Neuroimmunol., 305 (2017) 42-50.
[21] Sayit A.T., Gunbey P.H., Terzi Y., Is the mean platelet volume in patients with acute cholecystitis an inflammatory marker?, J. Clin. Diagn. Res., 9 (6) (2015) TC05-TC07.
[22] Bilaç, Ö., Tahıllıoğlu, H. A., Önder, A., & Kavurma, C., Özgül öğrenme güçlüğünde enflamasyonun rolünün değerlendirilmesi, Turk J Child Adolescent Mental Health, 28 (1) (2021) 60-64.
[23] Öz B., Ardiç B., The role of inflammation in children with specific learning disorders, Ann. Indian Psychiatry, 7 (2) (2023) 96.

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Medical Biochemistry - Inorganic Elements and Compounds , Medical Biochemistry and Metabolomics (Other)

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Cansu Mercan Işık ^*
0000-0001-9437-3024
Türkiye

Ayla Uzun Çiçek
0000-0003-2274-3457
Türkiye

Melih Uğur Karaarslan
0009-0006-8010-0109
Türkiye

Serdar Akkuş
0000-0002-9978-6861
Türkiye

Dilara Ülger Özbek
0000-0002-2189-6876
Türkiye

Publication Date

December 30, 2024

Submission Date

July 24, 2024

Acceptance Date

December 4, 2024

Published in Issue

Year 2024 Volume: 45 Number: 4

DOI

https://doi.org/10.17776/csj.1521639

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA35GC63CN

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Mercan Işık, C., Uzun Çiçek, A., Karaarslan, M. U., Akkuş, S., & Ülger Özbek, D. (2024). Inflammatory and Biochemical Concepts in Children with Specific Learning Disorders: A Comparative Study. Cumhuriyet Science Journal, 45(4), 668-672. https://doi.org/10.17776/csj.1521639

Cited By

Serum Cingulin and Interleukin‐6 Levels in Children With Specific Learning Disorder

International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience

https://doi.org/10.1002/jdn.70104