Araştırma Makalesi
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2022 DÜNYA KUPASI’NDA BAĞIL YAŞ ETKİSİNİN İNCELENMESİ

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 2, 224 - 236, 30.04.2023

Mehmet Kara Idris Demirsoy

https://doi.org/10.22282/tojras.1267530

Öz

Bağıl yaş etkisi (BYE) sporda rekabet açısından dezavantaj oluşturan bir durum olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Bu çalışma 2022 dünya kupasına katılan takımlarda bağıl yaş etkisinin incelenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Çalışmaya Katar’da düzenlenen 2022 Dünya Kupasına katılma hakkı elde eden 32 takımdan 831 profesyonel futbolcu dahil edilmiştir. Futbolculara ait bilgiler erişime açık olan FİFA’nın resmi web sitesinden, katılan ülkelerin resmi web sitelerinden, ayrıca transfermarkt ve tamamen ulusal takımlar ile ilgili bilgilerin olduğu web sitesinden (national football teams) elde edilmiştir. Futbolculara ait doğum aylarına göre beklenen ve gözlenen dağılımlar arasındaki farkları analiz etmek için ki-kare ve olasılık oranı testleri kullanılmıştır. Beklenen sıklıklar, yıl boyunca doğum oranlarının eşit dağıldığı varsayımından yola çıkılarak çeyrek başına %25 olarak alınmıştır. Ki-kare testinde bulunan değerlerin etki büyüklüğünü ölçmek için Cramer’s V kullanılmıştır. Istatistiksel analizler R programlamada yapılmıştır. Elde edilen araştırma bulgularına bakıldığında, 2022 Dünya Kupasına katılan takımlarda bağıl yaş etkisinin görüldüğü, profesyonel futbolcuların doğdukları aylara göre çeyrek yıl ve yarım yıl dağılımları arasında anlamlı bir istatistiksel farklılık olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Profesyonel futbolcular mevkilere göre değerlendiğinde; orta saha mevkisinde oynayan futbolcuların çeyrek yıl dağılımları açısından anlamlı bir istatistiksel farklılık olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Diğer mevkilerin (kaleci-defans-forvet) çeyrek yıl dağılımlarında anlamlı bir farklılık olmadığı gözlemlenmiştir. Profesyonel futbolcuların mevkilere göre yarım yıl dağılımlarına göre, kaleci ve orta saha mevkisinde oynayan futbolcuların yarım yıl dağılımları açısından anlamlı bir istatistiksel farklılık olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Diğer mevkilerin (defans-forvet) yarım yıl dağılımları açısından ise; anlamlı bir istatistiksel farklılık olmadığı gözlemlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak; futbolda en üst seviyede (Dünya Kupası-Ulusal Takım) dahi bağıl yaş etkisinin olduğu görülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Profesyonel futbolcu Bağıl yaş etkisi 2022 Dünya Kupası

Kaynakça

  • Argentino, D. Fútbol. (2018). Los 26 héroes de nuestra selección que llevan en sus genes el adn del fútbol argentino. https://www.afa.com.ar/es/posts/origen-futbolistas Erişim tarihi: 10 Ocak 2023.
  • Barnsley, R., Thompson. A., & Legault, P. (1992). Family planning: football style. the relative age effect in football. International Review for The Sociology of Sport. 27, 77-7. doi: 10.1177/101269029202700105
  • Belgian, RBFA. (2022). Selection Red Devils. Royal Belgian Football Association. https://www.rbfa.be/nl/nationale-ploegen/rode-duivels/selectie-rode-duivels Erişim tarihi: 15 Ocak 2023.
  • Brasileira, F. O. da S. (2015). Foto Oficial da Seleção Brasileira para a Copa do Mundo FIFA Qatar 2022. Confederação Brasileira de Futebol. https://www.cbf.com.br/selecao-brasileira/noticias/selecao-masculina/foto-oficial-da-selecao-brasileira-para-a-copa-do-mundo-fifa-qatar-202 Erişim tarihi: 12 Ocak 2023.
  • CH. (2022). Schweizerischer Fussballverband - A-Team Männer. https://www.football.ch/sfv/nationalteams/a-team/team.aspx Erişim tarihi: 15 Ocak 2023.
  • Cobley SP., Baker J., Wattie N., & McKenna J. (2009). Annual age grouping and athlete development: a meta-analytical review of relative age effects in sport. Sports Med. 39(3):235–256 doi: 10.2165/00007256-200939030-00005
  • Cobley SP., Schorer J., & Baker J. (2008). Relative age effects in professional German soccer: A historical analysis. Journal of Sports Sciences, 26:14, 1531-38. doi:10.1080/02640410802298250.
  • Croatian, F. F. (2022). Croatian national team - Croatian Football Federation. Hrvatski. https://hns-cff.hr/en/national-teams/croatian-national-team/igraci/ Erişim tarihi: 10 Ocak 2023.
  • Dbu, D. B. (2018, November 9). erre A-landsholdet. DBU. https://www.dbu.dk/landshold/herrelandshold/a-landsholdet/ Erişim tarihi: 12 Ocak 2023.
  • Deutscher, F. (2017). Squad. Team :: Men's National Team :: National Teams :: DFB - Deutscher Fußball-Bund e.V. https://www.dfb.de/en/national-teams/the-mannschaft/team/ Erişim tarihi: 12 Ocak 2023.
  • Ecuatoriana, FEF. (2022). Jugadores y Cuerpo Técnico – FEF: Federación Ecuatoriana de Fútbol. https://www.fef.ec/la-tri/seleccion-mayor/jugadores-y-cuerpo-tecnico/ Erişim tarihi: 13 Ocak 2023.
  • England, F. (2020). Men's Senior Team Squad. https://www.englandfootball.com/england/mens-senior-team/squad Erişim tarihi: 12 Ocak 2023.
  • Espanola, RFEF (2023). Selection - Male. Seleccion Espanola De Futbol. https://rfef.es/es/selecciones/seleccion-absoluta Erişim tarihi: 10 Ocak 2023.
  • Faw. (2022). Cymru squad announced for 2022 FIFA World Cup. https://www.faw.cymru/en/news/cymru-squad-announced-2022-fifa-worldcup/?back=/en/wales/news/&rank=27 Erişim tarihi: 12 Ocak 2023.
  • Fedefutbol. (2022). Suárez Eligió A Sus 26 Jugadores Para El Mundial Catar 2022. https://www.fedefutbol.com/2022/11/03/suarez-eligio-a-sus-26-jugadores-para-la aventura mundialista-en-catar/ Erişim tarihi: 13 Ocak 2023.
  • FİFA (2022). FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022. https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/tournaments/mens/worldcup/qatar2022/teams Erişim tarihi: 13 Ocak 2023.
  • FPF. (2022). Seleção A - Os Jogadores Em Detalhe. https://www.fpf.pt/pt/selecoes/futebol-masculino/selecao-a/equipa Erişim tarihi: 15 Ocak 2023.
  • France, FFF. (2022). Équipe de France. https://www.fff.fr/selection/2-equipe-de-france/derniere-selection.html Erişim tarihi: 13 Ocak 2023.
  • FRMF, MA. (2022). Federation Royale Marocaine De Football. https://site.frmf.ma/%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%a6%d8%ad%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ae%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88%d8%b7%d9%86%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b4%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%83%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d9%86%d9%87%d8%a7%d8%a6/ Erişim tarihi: 10 Ocak 2023.
  • FSS, RS. (2022). Meet the team. Fudbalski Savez Srbije. https://fss.rs/selekcije/a-selekcija/ Erişim tarihi: 10 Ocak 2023.
  • Ghanaafa. (2022). Twenty-three players report to Black Stars camp in Abu Dhabi. https://www.ghanafa.org/twenty-three-players-report-to-black-stars-camp-in-abu-dhabi Erişim tarihi: 15 Ocak 2023.
  • Gibbs, BG., Jarvis, JA., & Dufur, MJ., (2011). He rise of the underdog? the relative age effect reversal among canadian-born nhl hockey players: a reply to nolan and howell. International Review for the Sociology of Sport. 47, 644-49. doi: 10.1777/1012690211414343
  • Gürkan, O. & Yıldırım, M. (2023). A Study of Relative Age Effect in Professional Leagues (The Sample of Turkish Super League, 1st League, 2nd League and 3rd League) . Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi , 8 (1) , 67-78. doi: 10.25307/jssr.1145002 JFA.JP. (2022). Selected Players/Staffs: Samuraı Blue: JFA. http://www.jfa.jp/eng/samuraiblue/worldcup_2022/final_q/20220127/member.html#pankz Erişim tarihi: 10 Ocak 2023.
  • Lesma, ML., Pérez-González, B., & Salinero, JJ. (2011). Relative age effect (RAE) in spanish football league. Journal of Sport and Health Research. 3(1), 35-6. doi: 10.2478/hukin-2019-0145
  • Lovell, R., Towlson, C., Parkin, G., Portas, M., Vaeyens, R., & Cobley, S. (2015). Soccer player characteristics in english lower-league development programmes: the relationships between relative age, maturation, Anthropometry And Physical Fitness. Plos One, 10, 1-4. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0137238
  • Malina, RM., Cumming, SP., & Rogol, AD. (2019). E bio-banding in youth sports: background, concept, and application. Sports Med, 49, doi: 1671-85. 10.1007/s40279-019-01166-x
  • Mülazımoglu, O. (2014). The relative age effect (rae) in youth and professional soccer players in turkey, The Anthropologist, 18, 391-98.
  • Mülazımoğlu, O., Cihan, H., Erdoğdu, M., & Şirin, E.F. (2013). Türkiye’deki Bazı Futbol Kulüplerinin Profesyonel ve Alt Yapı Takımlarında Bağıl Yaş Etkisi, Ankara Üniv Spor Bil Fak, 11 (2), 105-111. doi: https://doi.org/10.1501/Sporm_0000000244
  • National-Football. (2023). News. https://www.national-football-teams.com/ Erişim tarihi: 15 Ocak 2023.
  • Pino-Ortega J, Gómez-Carmona CD, Nakamura FY, & Rojas-Valverde D. 2020. Setting kinematic parameters that explain youth basketball behavior: influence of relative age effect according to playing position. J Strength Cond Res. 36(3):820–826. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000003543
  • Práxedes A, Moreno A, García-González L, Pizarro D, & Del Villar F. (2017). The Relative Age Effect on Soccer Players in Formative Stages with Different Sport Expertise Levels. J Hum Kinet. 28;60:167-73. doi: 10.1515/hukin-2017-0100
  • PZPN, PL. (2022). Cadre. The National Game Model of Pzpn. https://pzpn.pl/reprezentacje/reprezentacja-a/kadra Erişim tarihi: 10 Ocak 2023.
  • Qatar, FA. (2022). The First Team. Qatar Football Association. https://www.qfa.qa/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ae%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%88%d9%84/ Erişim tarihi: 15 Ocak 2023.
  • Redd MJ, Fukuda DH, Beyer KS, & Oliviera LP. 2018. No observable relative age effects in professional surfers: a constraints-based evaluation. Int J Exerc Sci. 11(6):355–63. PMCID: PMC5955289
  • SAFF. (2022). National Team – Current Squad. Saudi Arabian Football Federation. https://www.saff.com.sa/en/nationalteams.php?id=1&type=1 Erişim tarihi: 15 Ocak 2023.
  • Salinero, JJ., Pérez, B., Burillo, P., Lesma, ML., & Y Herrero, MH. (2014). Efecto de edad relativa en el fútbol profesional español / Relative age effect in spanish professional football. Revista Internacional de Medicina y Ciencias de la Actividad Física y el Deporte, 14 (56), 591-01. https://doi.org/10.5672/ apunts.2014-0983.es.(2013/4).114.05
  • Soccer, C. (2022). Camps. Canada Soccer. https://www.canadasoccer.com/national/camps/?teamId=2068 Erişim tarihi: 12 Ocak 2023.
  • Socceroos. (2023). Teams. Football Australia. https://www.socceroos.com.au/teams Erişim tarihi: 15 Ocak 2023.
  • Söğüt, M. (2019) Sporda biyo-gruplama. Türk J Spor Med. ;54(2):143-7. doi: 10.5152/tjsm.2019.126
  • Team, R Core. 2000. “R Language Definition.” Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
  • Trunić, NV., Marković, SR., & Jezdimirović, SD. (2022). Relative age effect in senior football leagues in former yugoslav republics. Sport Mont, 20(3), 41-6. doi: 10.26773/smj.221007
  • Uruguay, U. (2022). Major Selection. AUF. https://www.auf.org.uy/mayores/ Erişim tarihi: 10 Ocak 2023.
  • Ussoccer. (2022). USMNT: U.S. Men's National Soccer Team: U.S. Soccer Official Site. https://www.ussoccer.com/teams/usmnt Erişim tarihi: 15 Ocak 2023.
  • Wiium, N., Lie, SA., Ommundsen, Y., Enksen, HR. (2010). Does relative age effect exist among Norwegian professional soccer players. International Journal of Applied Sports Sciences, 22, 66-6. doi: 10.24985/ijass.2010.22.2.66
  • Yagüe JM., de la Rubia A., Sánchez-Molina J., Maroto-Izquierdo S., & Molinero O. (2018) The Relative Age Effect in the 10 Best Leagues of Male Professional Football of the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA). J Sports Sci Med. 14;17(3):409-416. PMC6090398
  • Yagüe, JM., Molinero, O., Alba, JÁ., Redondo, JC. (2020). Evidence for the relative age effect in the spanish professional soccer league. J Hum Kinet. 21;73:209-18. doi: 10.2478/hukin-2019-0145

EXAMINATION OF RELATIVE AGE EFFECT IN 2022 WORLD CUP

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 2, 224 - 236, 30.04.2023

Mehmet Kara Idris Demirsoy

https://doi.org/10.22282/tojras.1267530

Öz

The relative age effect (RAE) is considered a disadvantage in terms of competition in sports. This study was carried out to examine the RAE in the 2022 World Cup. There were 831 professional footballers in the study from 32 teams that qualified for the World Cup in Qatar. Information about the players is obtained from the official website of FIFA, which is open to access, from the official websites of the participating countries, and from a website where there is information about ultimately national teams and from transfermarkt. Chi-square and odds ratio tests were used to analyze the differences between expected and observed distributions according to the birth months of the football players. The expected frequencies are taken as 25% per quarter, based on the assumption that birth rates are evenly distributed throughout the year. Cramer's V was used to measure the effect size of the values found in the chi-square test. All analyzes were performed using the R programming. The RAE is seen in the teams participating in the 2022 World Cup, and there is a statistically significant difference between the quarter-year and half-year distributions of professional football players according to the months they were born. When professional football players are evaluated according to their positions; There is a statistically significant difference in terms of the quarter-year distribution of football players playing in the midfield position. The quarterly distribution of other positions (goalkeeper-defender-forward); there was no statistically significant difference. There is a statistically significant difference in the half-year distribution of professional football players according to the positions, and the half-year distributions of the football players playing in the goalkeeper and midfield positions. Half-year distributions of other positions, there was no statistically significant difference. In conclusion, there is a relative age effect even at the highest level in football.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Professional football player Relative age effect 2022 World Cup

Kaynakça

  • Argentino, D. Fútbol. (2018). Los 26 héroes de nuestra selección que llevan en sus genes el adn del fútbol argentino. https://www.afa.com.ar/es/posts/origen-futbolistas Erişim tarihi: 10 Ocak 2023.
  • Barnsley, R., Thompson. A., & Legault, P. (1992). Family planning: football style. the relative age effect in football. International Review for The Sociology of Sport. 27, 77-7. doi: 10.1177/101269029202700105
  • Belgian, RBFA. (2022). Selection Red Devils. Royal Belgian Football Association. https://www.rbfa.be/nl/nationale-ploegen/rode-duivels/selectie-rode-duivels Erişim tarihi: 15 Ocak 2023.
  • Brasileira, F. O. da S. (2015). Foto Oficial da Seleção Brasileira para a Copa do Mundo FIFA Qatar 2022. Confederação Brasileira de Futebol. https://www.cbf.com.br/selecao-brasileira/noticias/selecao-masculina/foto-oficial-da-selecao-brasileira-para-a-copa-do-mundo-fifa-qatar-202 Erişim tarihi: 12 Ocak 2023.
  • CH. (2022). Schweizerischer Fussballverband - A-Team Männer. https://www.football.ch/sfv/nationalteams/a-team/team.aspx Erişim tarihi: 15 Ocak 2023.
  • Cobley SP., Baker J., Wattie N., & McKenna J. (2009). Annual age grouping and athlete development: a meta-analytical review of relative age effects in sport. Sports Med. 39(3):235–256 doi: 10.2165/00007256-200939030-00005
  • Cobley SP., Schorer J., & Baker J. (2008). Relative age effects in professional German soccer: A historical analysis. Journal of Sports Sciences, 26:14, 1531-38. doi:10.1080/02640410802298250.
  • Croatian, F. F. (2022). Croatian national team - Croatian Football Federation. Hrvatski. https://hns-cff.hr/en/national-teams/croatian-national-team/igraci/ Erişim tarihi: 10 Ocak 2023.
  • Dbu, D. B. (2018, November 9). erre A-landsholdet. DBU. https://www.dbu.dk/landshold/herrelandshold/a-landsholdet/ Erişim tarihi: 12 Ocak 2023.
  • Deutscher, F. (2017). Squad. Team :: Men's National Team :: National Teams :: DFB - Deutscher Fußball-Bund e.V. https://www.dfb.de/en/national-teams/the-mannschaft/team/ Erişim tarihi: 12 Ocak 2023.
  • Ecuatoriana, FEF. (2022). Jugadores y Cuerpo Técnico – FEF: Federación Ecuatoriana de Fútbol. https://www.fef.ec/la-tri/seleccion-mayor/jugadores-y-cuerpo-tecnico/ Erişim tarihi: 13 Ocak 2023.
  • England, F. (2020). Men's Senior Team Squad. https://www.englandfootball.com/england/mens-senior-team/squad Erişim tarihi: 12 Ocak 2023.
  • Espanola, RFEF (2023). Selection - Male. Seleccion Espanola De Futbol. https://rfef.es/es/selecciones/seleccion-absoluta Erişim tarihi: 10 Ocak 2023.
  • Faw. (2022). Cymru squad announced for 2022 FIFA World Cup. https://www.faw.cymru/en/news/cymru-squad-announced-2022-fifa-worldcup/?back=/en/wales/news/&rank=27 Erişim tarihi: 12 Ocak 2023.
  • Fedefutbol. (2022). Suárez Eligió A Sus 26 Jugadores Para El Mundial Catar 2022. https://www.fedefutbol.com/2022/11/03/suarez-eligio-a-sus-26-jugadores-para-la aventura mundialista-en-catar/ Erişim tarihi: 13 Ocak 2023.
  • FİFA (2022). FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022. https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/tournaments/mens/worldcup/qatar2022/teams Erişim tarihi: 13 Ocak 2023.
  • FPF. (2022). Seleção A - Os Jogadores Em Detalhe. https://www.fpf.pt/pt/selecoes/futebol-masculino/selecao-a/equipa Erişim tarihi: 15 Ocak 2023.
  • France, FFF. (2022). Équipe de France. https://www.fff.fr/selection/2-equipe-de-france/derniere-selection.html Erişim tarihi: 13 Ocak 2023.
  • FRMF, MA. (2022). Federation Royale Marocaine De Football. https://site.frmf.ma/%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%a6%d8%ad%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ae%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88%d8%b7%d9%86%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b4%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%83%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d9%86%d9%87%d8%a7%d8%a6/ Erişim tarihi: 10 Ocak 2023.
  • FSS, RS. (2022). Meet the team. Fudbalski Savez Srbije. https://fss.rs/selekcije/a-selekcija/ Erişim tarihi: 10 Ocak 2023.
  • Ghanaafa. (2022). Twenty-three players report to Black Stars camp in Abu Dhabi. https://www.ghanafa.org/twenty-three-players-report-to-black-stars-camp-in-abu-dhabi Erişim tarihi: 15 Ocak 2023.
  • Gibbs, BG., Jarvis, JA., & Dufur, MJ., (2011). He rise of the underdog? the relative age effect reversal among canadian-born nhl hockey players: a reply to nolan and howell. International Review for the Sociology of Sport. 47, 644-49. doi: 10.1777/1012690211414343
  • Gürkan, O. & Yıldırım, M. (2023). A Study of Relative Age Effect in Professional Leagues (The Sample of Turkish Super League, 1st League, 2nd League and 3rd League) . Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi , 8 (1) , 67-78. doi: 10.25307/jssr.1145002 JFA.JP. (2022). Selected Players/Staffs: Samuraı Blue: JFA. http://www.jfa.jp/eng/samuraiblue/worldcup_2022/final_q/20220127/member.html#pankz Erişim tarihi: 10 Ocak 2023.
  • Lesma, ML., Pérez-González, B., & Salinero, JJ. (2011). Relative age effect (RAE) in spanish football league. Journal of Sport and Health Research. 3(1), 35-6. doi: 10.2478/hukin-2019-0145
  • Lovell, R., Towlson, C., Parkin, G., Portas, M., Vaeyens, R., & Cobley, S. (2015). Soccer player characteristics in english lower-league development programmes: the relationships between relative age, maturation, Anthropometry And Physical Fitness. Plos One, 10, 1-4. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0137238
  • Malina, RM., Cumming, SP., & Rogol, AD. (2019). E bio-banding in youth sports: background, concept, and application. Sports Med, 49, doi: 1671-85. 10.1007/s40279-019-01166-x
  • Mülazımoglu, O. (2014). The relative age effect (rae) in youth and professional soccer players in turkey, The Anthropologist, 18, 391-98.
  • Mülazımoğlu, O., Cihan, H., Erdoğdu, M., & Şirin, E.F. (2013). Türkiye’deki Bazı Futbol Kulüplerinin Profesyonel ve Alt Yapı Takımlarında Bağıl Yaş Etkisi, Ankara Üniv Spor Bil Fak, 11 (2), 105-111. doi: https://doi.org/10.1501/Sporm_0000000244
  • National-Football. (2023). News. https://www.national-football-teams.com/ Erişim tarihi: 15 Ocak 2023.
  • Pino-Ortega J, Gómez-Carmona CD, Nakamura FY, & Rojas-Valverde D. 2020. Setting kinematic parameters that explain youth basketball behavior: influence of relative age effect according to playing position. J Strength Cond Res. 36(3):820–826. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000003543
  • Práxedes A, Moreno A, García-González L, Pizarro D, & Del Villar F. (2017). The Relative Age Effect on Soccer Players in Formative Stages with Different Sport Expertise Levels. J Hum Kinet. 28;60:167-73. doi: 10.1515/hukin-2017-0100
  • PZPN, PL. (2022). Cadre. The National Game Model of Pzpn. https://pzpn.pl/reprezentacje/reprezentacja-a/kadra Erişim tarihi: 10 Ocak 2023.
  • Qatar, FA. (2022). The First Team. Qatar Football Association. https://www.qfa.qa/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ae%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%88%d9%84/ Erişim tarihi: 15 Ocak 2023.
  • Redd MJ, Fukuda DH, Beyer KS, & Oliviera LP. 2018. No observable relative age effects in professional surfers: a constraints-based evaluation. Int J Exerc Sci. 11(6):355–63. PMCID: PMC5955289
  • SAFF. (2022). National Team – Current Squad. Saudi Arabian Football Federation. https://www.saff.com.sa/en/nationalteams.php?id=1&type=1 Erişim tarihi: 15 Ocak 2023.
  • Salinero, JJ., Pérez, B., Burillo, P., Lesma, ML., & Y Herrero, MH. (2014). Efecto de edad relativa en el fútbol profesional español / Relative age effect in spanish professional football. Revista Internacional de Medicina y Ciencias de la Actividad Física y el Deporte, 14 (56), 591-01. https://doi.org/10.5672/ apunts.2014-0983.es.(2013/4).114.05
  • Soccer, C. (2022). Camps. Canada Soccer. https://www.canadasoccer.com/national/camps/?teamId=2068 Erişim tarihi: 12 Ocak 2023.
  • Socceroos. (2023). Teams. Football Australia. https://www.socceroos.com.au/teams Erişim tarihi: 15 Ocak 2023.
  • Söğüt, M. (2019) Sporda biyo-gruplama. Türk J Spor Med. ;54(2):143-7. doi: 10.5152/tjsm.2019.126
  • Team, R Core. 2000. “R Language Definition.” Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
  • Trunić, NV., Marković, SR., & Jezdimirović, SD. (2022). Relative age effect in senior football leagues in former yugoslav republics. Sport Mont, 20(3), 41-6. doi: 10.26773/smj.221007
  • Uruguay, U. (2022). Major Selection. AUF. https://www.auf.org.uy/mayores/ Erişim tarihi: 10 Ocak 2023.
  • Ussoccer. (2022). USMNT: U.S. Men's National Soccer Team: U.S. Soccer Official Site. https://www.ussoccer.com/teams/usmnt Erişim tarihi: 15 Ocak 2023.
  • Wiium, N., Lie, SA., Ommundsen, Y., Enksen, HR. (2010). Does relative age effect exist among Norwegian professional soccer players. International Journal of Applied Sports Sciences, 22, 66-6. doi: 10.24985/ijass.2010.22.2.66
  • Yagüe JM., de la Rubia A., Sánchez-Molina J., Maroto-Izquierdo S., & Molinero O. (2018) The Relative Age Effect in the 10 Best Leagues of Male Professional Football of the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA). J Sports Sci Med. 14;17(3):409-416. PMC6090398
  • Yagüe, JM., Molinero, O., Alba, JÁ., Redondo, JC. (2020). Evidence for the relative age effect in the spanish professional soccer league. J Hum Kinet. 21;73:209-18. doi: 10.2478/hukin-2019-0145
Toplam 46 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Spor Hekimliği
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Mehmet Kara 0000-0002-2943-8968

Idris Demirsoy 0000-0002-3321-4748

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 31 Mart 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Nisan 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 12 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Kara, M., & Demirsoy, I. (2023). 2022 DÜNYA KUPASI’NDA BAĞIL YAŞ ETKİSİNİN İNCELENMESİ. The Online Journal of Recreation and Sports, 12(2), 224-236. https://doi.org/10.22282/tojras.1267530
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