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Ecotoxicity Study of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles on Chlorella Sp. and Daphnia Magna

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 4, 1073 - 1079, 01.12.2020

Burcu Ertit Taştan İlknur Kars Durukan Mehmet Ateş

https://doi.org/10.2339/politeknik.581107
Cited By: 1

Öz

Nanoparticles have great impact due to their tremendous industrial
applications. However, their applications have produced toxicity effects on the
aquatic environments and their detailed analyses are not clearly understood.
Iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3 NPs) are being used
extensively in many industries but are considered highly toxic to aquatic
species residing in surface waters. This paper demonstrates the acute
toxicity of a-Fe2O3 and g-Fe2O3NPs in two aquatic
species. The effects of various concentration (0, 50, 100, 250, 500 and 1000
mg/L) of a-Fe2O3 and g-Fe2O3 on the sensitivity
response of the Chlorella sp. and D. magna were investigated. The growth
of microalgal decreased with increased concentration of the a-Fe2O3 and g-Fe2O3 NPs concentrations but
did not show a significant toxic effect. The EC50 concentration
value was 500 mg/L and LD50 concentration value was 1000 mg/L for a-Fe2O3 treated daphnids in 72 h,
respectively. The findings demonstrate the significant evidence in
understanding acute toxicity of Fe2O3 NPs for environmental
protection as part of risk assessment strategies.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Chlorella sp. -Fe2O3 -Fe2O3 nanoparticles nanotoxicity Daphnia magna

Destekleyen Kurum

Tübitak

Proje Numarası

114Y087

Kaynakça

  • 1. Sadiq, I.M., Pakrashi, S., Chandrasekaran, N., Mukherjee, A., “Studies on toxicity of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) nanoparticles to microalgae species: Scenedesmus sp. and Chlorella sp”, J. Nanopart. Res, 13: 3287–3299, (2011).
  • 2. Fan, H.M., You, G.J., Li, Y., Zheng, Z. Tan, H.R., Shen, Z.X., Tang, S.H., Feng, Y.P., “Shape-controlled synthesis of single-crystalline Fe2O3 hollow nanocrystals and their tunable optical properties”, J. Phys. Chem. C, 113: 9928–9935, (2009).3. Hua, J., Gengsheng, J., “Hydrothermal synthesis and characterization of monodisperse 𝛼-Fe2O3 nanoparticles”, Mater. Lett, 63: 2725–2727,(2009).
  • 4. Hsu, L.C., Li, Y.Y., Hsiao, C.Y., “Synthesis, electrical measurement, and fieldemission properties of -Fe2O3 nanowires”, Nanoscale Res. Lett. 3: 330–337,( 2008).
  • 5. Seth, A., Lafargue, D., Poirier, C., Péan, J.M., Ménager, C., “Performance of magnetic chitosan–alginate core–shell beads for increasing the bioavailability of a low permeable drug”, Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm, 8: 374–81, (2014).
  • 6. Haun, J.B., Yoon, T.J., Lee. H., Weissleder, R., “Magnetic nanoparticleBiosensors”, Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Nanomed. Nanobiotechnol. 2: 291–30, (2010).
  • 7. Chen, C.L., Zhang, H., Ye, Q., Hsieh, W.Y., Hitchens, T.K., Shen, H.H., Liu, L., Wu, Y.J., Foley, L.M., Wang, S.J., Ho, C., “A new nano-sized ironoxide particle with high sensitivity for cellular magnetic resonance imaging”, Mol. Imaging Biol, 13: 825–839,(2011).
  • 8. Konry, T., Bale, S., Bhushan, A., Shen, K., Seker, E., Polyak, B., Yarmush, M., “Particles and microfluidics merged: perspectives of highly sensitive diagnostic detection”, Microchim. Acta, 176: 251–269, (2012).
  • 9. Rümenapp, C., Gleich, B., Haase, A., “Magnetic nanoparticles in magnetic resonance imaging and diagnostics”, Pharm. Res, 29: 1165–1179,(2012).10. Maier-Hauff, K., Ulrich, F., Nestler, D., Niehoff, H., Wust, P., Thiesen, B., Orawa, H., Budach, V., Jordan, A., “Efficacy and safety of intratumoral thermotherapy using magneticiron-oxide nanoparticles combined with external beam radiotherapy on patients with recurrent glioblastomamulti for me”, J. Neurooncol, 103: 317–324, (2011).
  • 11. Soenen, S.J.H., De Cuyper, M.,”Assessing iron oxide nanoparticle toxicity in vitro: current status and future prospects”, Nanomedicine, 5 (8): 1261–1275,(2010).
  • 12. Karlsson, H.L., Cronholm, P., Gustafsson, J., Moller, L., “Copper oxide nanoparticles are highly toxic: a comparison between metal oxide nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes”, Chem. Res. Toxicol, 21 (9): 1726–1732, (2008).
  • 13. Karlsson, H.L., Gustafsson, J., Cronholm, P., Möller, L., “Size-dependent toxicity of metal oxide particles—a comparison between nano- andmicrometer size”, Toxicol. Lett, 188 (2): 112–118,(2009).
  • 14. Pandey, R.K., Prajapati, V.K., “Molecular and immunological toxic effects of nanoparticles”, Int. J. Biol. Macromol. Part A, 107: 1278-1293, (2018).
  • 15. Zhu, M.T., Wang, B., Wang, Y., Yuan, L., Wang, H.J., Wang, M., Ouyang, H., Chai, Z.F., Feng, W.Y., Zhao, Y.L., “Endothelial dysfunction and inflammation induced by iron oxide nanoparticle exposure: risk factors for early atherosclerosis”, Toxicol. Lett, 203 (2): 162–171,( 2011).
  • 16. Mahmoudi, M., Simchi, A., Imani, M., Shokrgozar, M.A., Milani, A.S., Häfeli, U.O., Stroeve, P., “A new approach for the in vitro identification of the cytotoxicity of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles”, Colloids. Surf. B: Biointerfaces, 75 (1): 300–309, (2010).
  • 17. Zhu, M.T., Feng, W.Y., Wang, Y., Wang, B., Wang, M., Ouyang, H., Zhao, Y.L., Chai, Z.F., “Particokinetics and extrapulmonary translocation of intratracheally instilled ferric oxide nanoparticles in rats and the potential health risk assessment”. Toxicol. Sci, 107 (2): 342–351, (2009).
  • 18. Tang, Y.L., Guan, X.H., Wang, J.M., Gao, N.Y., Mc Phail, M.R., Chusuei, C.C., “Fluoride adsorption onto granular ferric hydroxide: effects of ionic strength, pH, surface loading, and major co-existing anions”, J. Hazard. Mater. 171(1–3), 774–779. 2009.
  • 19. Guan, X.H., Wang, J.M., Chusuei, C.C., “Removal of arsenic from water using granular ferric hydroxide: macroscopic and microscopic studies”, J. Hazard. Mater, 156(1–3):178–185, (2008).
  • 20. Baumann, J., Koser, L., Arndt, D., Filser, J., “The Coating Makes the Difference: Acute Effects of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles on Daphnia magna”, Sci. Tot. Environ, 484: 176, (2014).
  • 21. Zhu, H., Han, J., Xiao, J.Q., Jin, Y., “Uptake, translocation, and accumulation of manufactured iron oxide nanoparticles by pumpkin plants”, J. Environ. Monit, 10: 713-717, (2008).
  • 22. Zhu, X., Tian, S., Cai, Z., “Toxicity assessment of iron oxide nanoparticles in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) early life stages”, PLoS ONE, 7(9): 462-486, (2012).
  • 23. Hemaiswarya, S., Raja, R., Kumar, R.R., Ganesan, V., Anbazhagan, C., “Microalgae: a sustainable feed source for aquaculture”, World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol, 27: 1737–1746,(2011).
  • 24. Murdock, R.C., Braydich-Stolle, L., Schrand, A.M., Schlager, J.J., Hussain, S.M., “Characterization of nanomaterial dispersion in solution prior to in vitro exposure using dynamic light scattering technique”, Toxicol. Sci, 101: 239–253, (2008).
  • 25. Gurunathan, S., Han, J.W., Kim, E.S., Park, J.H., Kim, J.H., “Reduction of graphene oxide by resveratrol: A novel and simple biological method for the synthesis of an effective anticancer nanotherapeutic molecule”, Int. J. Nanomed, 10: 2951–2969, (2015).
  • 26. Sapsford, K.E., Tyner, K.M., Dair, B.J., Deschamps, J.R., Medintz, I.L., “Analyzing nanomaterial bioconjugates: A review of current and emerging purification and characterization techniques”, Anal. Chem. 83: 4453–4488, (2011).
  • 27. Taştan, B.E., Duygu, E., Donmez, G., “Boron bioremoval by a newly isolated Chlorella sp. and its stimulation by growth stimulators”, Water Res, 46: 167–175, (2012).
  • 28. Rippka, R., “Recognition and identification of cyanobacteria”, Methods in Enzymology, 167: 28–67,(1988).
  • 29. OECD, “Freshwater Alga and Cyanobacteria”, Growth Inhibition Test. OECD Guideline for the testing of chemicals, Guideline 201, (2011).
  • 30. Balusamy, B., Taştan, B.E., Ergen, S.F., Uyar, T., Tekinay, T., “Toxicity of lanthanum oxide (La2O3) nanoparticles in aquatic environments”, Environ. Sci.: Process. Imp, 17: 1265-1270, (2015).
  • 31. OECD, Daphnia sp., “Acute Immobilisation Test”. OECD Guideline for the testing of chemicals, Guideline 202, (2004).
  • 32. Porra, R.J., Thompson, W.A., Kriedemann, P.E., “Determination of accurate extinction coefficients and simultaneous equations for assaying chlorophylls a and b extracted with four different solvents: verification of the concentration of chlorophyll standards by atomic absorption spectroscopy”, Biochim. Biophys. Acta. (BBA) – Bioenergetics, 975: 384–394, (1989).
  • 33. Ip, P.F. Chen, F., “Production of astaxanthin by the green microalga Chlorella zofingiensis in the dark”, Process. Biochem, 40: 733–738, (2005).
  • 34. Kenney, J., Keeping, E. S., “Standard Error of the Mean in N. Princeton and V. Nostrand (eds.)”, Mathematics of Statistics, 110: 132-133, (1951).
  • 35. Jesus, J.R., Lima, J.S., Moura, O., Duque, G.S., Meneses, T. “Anisotropic growth of -Fe2O3 nanostructures”, Ceram. Int, 44, 3585-3589, (2018).
  • 36. Parsianpour, E., Gholami, M., Shahbazi, N., Samavat, F., “Influence of thermal annealing on the structural and optical properties of maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) nanoparticle thin films”, Surf. Interface Anal, 47: 612–617, (2015).
  • 37. Clogston, J.D., Patri, A.K., “Zeta potential measurement”, Methods Mol Biol, 697: 63–70, (2011).
  • 38. Ates, M., Daniels, J., Arslan, Z., Farah, I.O., “Uptake and toxicity of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles to brine shrimp (Artemia salina)”, Environ. Monit. Assess, 185: 3339–3348, (2013).

Ecotoxicity Study of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles on Chlorella Sp. and Daphnia Magna

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 4, 1073 - 1079, 01.12.2020

Burcu Ertit Taştan İlknur Kars Durukan Mehmet Ateş

https://doi.org/10.2339/politeknik.581107
Cited By: 1

Öz

Nanoparticles have great impact due to their tremendous industrial
applications. However, their applications have produced toxicity effects on the
aquatic environments and their detailed analyses are not clearly understood.
Iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3 NPs) are being used
extensively in many industries but are considered highly toxic to aquatic
species residing in surface waters. This paper demonstrates the acute
toxicity of a-Fe2O3 and g-Fe2O3NPs in two aquatic
species. The effects of various concentration (0, 50, 100, 250, 500 and 1000
mg/L) of a-Fe2O3 and g-Fe2O3 on the sensitivity
response of the Chlorella sp. and D. magna were investigated. The growth
of microalgal decreased with increased concentration of the a-Fe2O3 and g-Fe2O3 NPs concentrations but
did not show a significant toxic effect. The EC50 concentration
value was 500 mg/L and LD50 concentration value was 1000 mg/L for a-Fe2O3 treated daphnids in 72 h,
respectively. The findings demonstrate the significant evidence in
understanding acute toxicity of Fe2O3 NPs for environmental
protection as part of risk assessment strategies.

Anahtar Kelimeler

-Fe2O3 -Fe2O3 nanoparticles nanotoxicity Chlorella sp. Daphnia magna

Proje Numarası

114Y087

Kaynakça

  • 1. Sadiq, I.M., Pakrashi, S., Chandrasekaran, N., Mukherjee, A., “Studies on toxicity of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) nanoparticles to microalgae species: Scenedesmus sp. and Chlorella sp”, J. Nanopart. Res, 13: 3287–3299, (2011).
  • 2. Fan, H.M., You, G.J., Li, Y., Zheng, Z. Tan, H.R., Shen, Z.X., Tang, S.H., Feng, Y.P., “Shape-controlled synthesis of single-crystalline Fe2O3 hollow nanocrystals and their tunable optical properties”, J. Phys. Chem. C, 113: 9928–9935, (2009).3. Hua, J., Gengsheng, J., “Hydrothermal synthesis and characterization of monodisperse 𝛼-Fe2O3 nanoparticles”, Mater. Lett, 63: 2725–2727,(2009).
  • 4. Hsu, L.C., Li, Y.Y., Hsiao, C.Y., “Synthesis, electrical measurement, and fieldemission properties of -Fe2O3 nanowires”, Nanoscale Res. Lett. 3: 330–337,( 2008).
  • 5. Seth, A., Lafargue, D., Poirier, C., Péan, J.M., Ménager, C., “Performance of magnetic chitosan–alginate core–shell beads for increasing the bioavailability of a low permeable drug”, Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm, 8: 374–81, (2014).
  • 6. Haun, J.B., Yoon, T.J., Lee. H., Weissleder, R., “Magnetic nanoparticleBiosensors”, Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Nanomed. Nanobiotechnol. 2: 291–30, (2010).
  • 7. Chen, C.L., Zhang, H., Ye, Q., Hsieh, W.Y., Hitchens, T.K., Shen, H.H., Liu, L., Wu, Y.J., Foley, L.M., Wang, S.J., Ho, C., “A new nano-sized ironoxide particle with high sensitivity for cellular magnetic resonance imaging”, Mol. Imaging Biol, 13: 825–839,(2011).
  • 8. Konry, T., Bale, S., Bhushan, A., Shen, K., Seker, E., Polyak, B., Yarmush, M., “Particles and microfluidics merged: perspectives of highly sensitive diagnostic detection”, Microchim. Acta, 176: 251–269, (2012).
  • 9. Rümenapp, C., Gleich, B., Haase, A., “Magnetic nanoparticles in magnetic resonance imaging and diagnostics”, Pharm. Res, 29: 1165–1179,(2012).10. Maier-Hauff, K., Ulrich, F., Nestler, D., Niehoff, H., Wust, P., Thiesen, B., Orawa, H., Budach, V., Jordan, A., “Efficacy and safety of intratumoral thermotherapy using magneticiron-oxide nanoparticles combined with external beam radiotherapy on patients with recurrent glioblastomamulti for me”, J. Neurooncol, 103: 317–324, (2011).
  • 11. Soenen, S.J.H., De Cuyper, M.,”Assessing iron oxide nanoparticle toxicity in vitro: current status and future prospects”, Nanomedicine, 5 (8): 1261–1275,(2010).
  • 12. Karlsson, H.L., Cronholm, P., Gustafsson, J., Moller, L., “Copper oxide nanoparticles are highly toxic: a comparison between metal oxide nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes”, Chem. Res. Toxicol, 21 (9): 1726–1732, (2008).
  • 13. Karlsson, H.L., Gustafsson, J., Cronholm, P., Möller, L., “Size-dependent toxicity of metal oxide particles—a comparison between nano- andmicrometer size”, Toxicol. Lett, 188 (2): 112–118,(2009).
  • 14. Pandey, R.K., Prajapati, V.K., “Molecular and immunological toxic effects of nanoparticles”, Int. J. Biol. Macromol. Part A, 107: 1278-1293, (2018).
  • 15. Zhu, M.T., Wang, B., Wang, Y., Yuan, L., Wang, H.J., Wang, M., Ouyang, H., Chai, Z.F., Feng, W.Y., Zhao, Y.L., “Endothelial dysfunction and inflammation induced by iron oxide nanoparticle exposure: risk factors for early atherosclerosis”, Toxicol. Lett, 203 (2): 162–171,( 2011).
  • 16. Mahmoudi, M., Simchi, A., Imani, M., Shokrgozar, M.A., Milani, A.S., Häfeli, U.O., Stroeve, P., “A new approach for the in vitro identification of the cytotoxicity of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles”, Colloids. Surf. B: Biointerfaces, 75 (1): 300–309, (2010).
  • 17. Zhu, M.T., Feng, W.Y., Wang, Y., Wang, B., Wang, M., Ouyang, H., Zhao, Y.L., Chai, Z.F., “Particokinetics and extrapulmonary translocation of intratracheally instilled ferric oxide nanoparticles in rats and the potential health risk assessment”. Toxicol. Sci, 107 (2): 342–351, (2009).
  • 18. Tang, Y.L., Guan, X.H., Wang, J.M., Gao, N.Y., Mc Phail, M.R., Chusuei, C.C., “Fluoride adsorption onto granular ferric hydroxide: effects of ionic strength, pH, surface loading, and major co-existing anions”, J. Hazard. Mater. 171(1–3), 774–779. 2009.
  • 19. Guan, X.H., Wang, J.M., Chusuei, C.C., “Removal of arsenic from water using granular ferric hydroxide: macroscopic and microscopic studies”, J. Hazard. Mater, 156(1–3):178–185, (2008).
  • 20. Baumann, J., Koser, L., Arndt, D., Filser, J., “The Coating Makes the Difference: Acute Effects of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles on Daphnia magna”, Sci. Tot. Environ, 484: 176, (2014).
  • 21. Zhu, H., Han, J., Xiao, J.Q., Jin, Y., “Uptake, translocation, and accumulation of manufactured iron oxide nanoparticles by pumpkin plants”, J. Environ. Monit, 10: 713-717, (2008).
  • 22. Zhu, X., Tian, S., Cai, Z., “Toxicity assessment of iron oxide nanoparticles in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) early life stages”, PLoS ONE, 7(9): 462-486, (2012).
  • 23. Hemaiswarya, S., Raja, R., Kumar, R.R., Ganesan, V., Anbazhagan, C., “Microalgae: a sustainable feed source for aquaculture”, World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol, 27: 1737–1746,(2011).
  • 24. Murdock, R.C., Braydich-Stolle, L., Schrand, A.M., Schlager, J.J., Hussain, S.M., “Characterization of nanomaterial dispersion in solution prior to in vitro exposure using dynamic light scattering technique”, Toxicol. Sci, 101: 239–253, (2008).
  • 25. Gurunathan, S., Han, J.W., Kim, E.S., Park, J.H., Kim, J.H., “Reduction of graphene oxide by resveratrol: A novel and simple biological method for the synthesis of an effective anticancer nanotherapeutic molecule”, Int. J. Nanomed, 10: 2951–2969, (2015).
  • 26. Sapsford, K.E., Tyner, K.M., Dair, B.J., Deschamps, J.R., Medintz, I.L., “Analyzing nanomaterial bioconjugates: A review of current and emerging purification and characterization techniques”, Anal. Chem. 83: 4453–4488, (2011).
  • 27. Taştan, B.E., Duygu, E., Donmez, G., “Boron bioremoval by a newly isolated Chlorella sp. and its stimulation by growth stimulators”, Water Res, 46: 167–175, (2012).
  • 28. Rippka, R., “Recognition and identification of cyanobacteria”, Methods in Enzymology, 167: 28–67,(1988).
  • 29. OECD, “Freshwater Alga and Cyanobacteria”, Growth Inhibition Test. OECD Guideline for the testing of chemicals, Guideline 201, (2011).
  • 30. Balusamy, B., Taştan, B.E., Ergen, S.F., Uyar, T., Tekinay, T., “Toxicity of lanthanum oxide (La2O3) nanoparticles in aquatic environments”, Environ. Sci.: Process. Imp, 17: 1265-1270, (2015).
  • 31. OECD, Daphnia sp., “Acute Immobilisation Test”. OECD Guideline for the testing of chemicals, Guideline 202, (2004).
  • 32. Porra, R.J., Thompson, W.A., Kriedemann, P.E., “Determination of accurate extinction coefficients and simultaneous equations for assaying chlorophylls a and b extracted with four different solvents: verification of the concentration of chlorophyll standards by atomic absorption spectroscopy”, Biochim. Biophys. Acta. (BBA) – Bioenergetics, 975: 384–394, (1989).
  • 33. Ip, P.F. Chen, F., “Production of astaxanthin by the green microalga Chlorella zofingiensis in the dark”, Process. Biochem, 40: 733–738, (2005).
  • 34. Kenney, J., Keeping, E. S., “Standard Error of the Mean in N. Princeton and V. Nostrand (eds.)”, Mathematics of Statistics, 110: 132-133, (1951).
  • 35. Jesus, J.R., Lima, J.S., Moura, O., Duque, G.S., Meneses, T. “Anisotropic growth of -Fe2O3 nanostructures”, Ceram. Int, 44, 3585-3589, (2018).
  • 36. Parsianpour, E., Gholami, M., Shahbazi, N., Samavat, F., “Influence of thermal annealing on the structural and optical properties of maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) nanoparticle thin films”, Surf. Interface Anal, 47: 612–617, (2015).
  • 37. Clogston, J.D., Patri, A.K., “Zeta potential measurement”, Methods Mol Biol, 697: 63–70, (2011).
  • 38. Ates, M., Daniels, J., Arslan, Z., Farah, I.O., “Uptake and toxicity of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles to brine shrimp (Artemia salina)”, Environ. Monit. Assess, 185: 3339–3348, (2013).
Toplam 36 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Mühendislik
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Burcu Ertit Taştan 0000-0003-4644-8305

İlknur Kars Durukan 0000-0001-5697-0530

Mehmet Ateş Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-2764-6579

Proje Numarası 114Y087
Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Aralık 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 21 Haziran 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 23 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Ertit Taştan, B., Kars Durukan, İ., & Ateş, M. (2020). Ecotoxicity Study of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles on Chlorella Sp. and Daphnia Magna. Politeknik Dergisi, 23(4), 1073-1079. https://doi.org/10.2339/politeknik.581107
AMA Ertit Taştan B, Kars Durukan İ, Ateş M. Ecotoxicity Study of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles on Chlorella Sp. and Daphnia Magna. Politeknik Dergisi. Aralık 2020;23(4):1073-1079. doi:10.2339/politeknik.581107
Chicago Ertit Taştan, Burcu, İlknur Kars Durukan, ve Mehmet Ateş. “Ecotoxicity Study of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles on Chlorella Sp. And Daphnia Magna”. Politeknik Dergisi 23, sy. 4 (Aralık 2020): 1073-79. https://doi.org/10.2339/politeknik.581107.
EndNote Ertit Taştan B, Kars Durukan İ, Ateş M (01 Aralık 2020) Ecotoxicity Study of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles on Chlorella Sp. and Daphnia Magna. Politeknik Dergisi 23 4 1073–1079.
IEEE B. Ertit Taştan, İ. Kars Durukan, ve M. Ateş, “Ecotoxicity Study of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles on Chlorella Sp. and Daphnia Magna”, Politeknik Dergisi, c. 23, sy. 4, ss. 1073–1079, 2020, doi: 10.2339/politeknik.581107.
ISNAD Ertit Taştan, Burcu vd. “Ecotoxicity Study of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles on Chlorella Sp. And Daphnia Magna”. Politeknik Dergisi 23/4 (Aralık 2020), 1073-1079. https://doi.org/10.2339/politeknik.581107.
JAMA Ertit Taştan B, Kars Durukan İ, Ateş M. Ecotoxicity Study of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles on Chlorella Sp. and Daphnia Magna. Politeknik Dergisi. 2020;23:1073–1079.
MLA Ertit Taştan, Burcu vd. “Ecotoxicity Study of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles on Chlorella Sp. And Daphnia Magna”. Politeknik Dergisi, c. 23, sy. 4, 2020, ss. 1073-9, doi:10.2339/politeknik.581107.
Vancouver Ertit Taştan B, Kars Durukan İ, Ateş M. Ecotoxicity Study of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles on Chlorella Sp. and Daphnia Magna. Politeknik Dergisi. 2020;23(4):1073-9.

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