Hızlı Yiyecek Olarak Tüketilen Ürünlerin Ambalaj Malzemelerinde Ağır Metal Tayini ve Metot Validasyonu
Öz
Antalya ilinde hızlı yiyecek olarak tüketilen gıdaların paketlenmesi için kullanılan renkli ve renksiz plastik ile renkli kâğıt kökenli 20 adet ambalaj malzemelerinde bulunmasından şüphe duyulan ağır metallerin konsantrasyonlarının belirlenmesi için bir Perkin Elmer ICP Kütle Dedektörlü Elan DRC-e (ICP-MS) model sistem kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Uygulanan ön hazırlık ve cihaz metotlarının güvenirlik çalışmaları ile analiz sırasında karşılaşılan sorunlar ve çözümleri ele alınarak literatüre katkı sunması hedeflenmiştir. Gıda ambalajı olarak kullanılan bu materyallerin bünyelerinde barındırdıklarından şüphe duyulan As, Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu ve Ni elementlerinin konsantrasyon tayin çalışmalarında kullanılmak üzere matrikse spike yöntemi ile geri kazanım çalışmaları yapılmıştır. Ayrıca yöntem performansı doğrusallık açısından değerlendirilmiştir. Algılama ve niceleme sınırı, doğruluk, geri kazanım kesinlik verilerinin elde edilmesi ve yöntemi doğrulamak için (Enviro Mat Drinking Water) Sertifikalı Referans Maddenin (SRM) konsantrasyonu için elde edilen geri kazanım sonuçları kullanılmıştır. Şeffaf olarak kullanılan plastik ambalaj ürünlerinde boyalı olan ürünlere göre daha düşük konsantrasyonlar tespit edilmiştir. İzlenen tüm izotoplar için kalibrasyon grafikleri 0,9996'dan daha iyi bir korelasyon katsayısına sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Araştırılan tüm elementler için yöntem saptama limitleri 0.08 ve 0.15 μg/L aralığında bulunmuştur. Toplanan numuneler üç gruba ayrılarak Anova testi uygulanmıştır. Elde edilen veriler değerlendirildiğinde çalışılan numunelerin renkli olmasından çok ambalaj materyalinin daha önemli olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Numune konsantrasyonları incelendiğinde ise As ve Ni elementlerine rastlanılmamıştır. Renkli polipropilen numunelerde Cr ve Pb konsantrasyonları, renksiz numunelere göre daha yüksek konsantrasyonlarda olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Çalışılan numunelerde Cd, Cr ve Pb konsantrasyonlarının kirlilik kaynağının ürünlerde kullanılan pigmentlerin önemli bileşenler olarak eklenmesi ile ilgili olabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Hızlı tüketilen yiyecek Metot validasyonu ICP-MS Gıda ambalajı
Kaynakça
- Assessment C (2017). General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories. ISO/IEC 17025.
- Bach, C., Dauchy, X., Chagnon, M.C., & Etienne, S. (2012). Chemical compounds and toxicological assessments of drinking water stored in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles: a source of controversy reviewed. Water Research, 46, 571–583.
- Bentayeb, K., Batlle, R., Romero, J., &Nerín, C. (2007). UPLC-MS as a powerful technique for screening the nonvolatile contaminants in recycled PET. AnalalticalBioananalty Chemistry, 388, 1031–1038.
- Brenner, I. (2010). ICPMS Applications Environmental Analytical Services, Jerusalem, Israel Cao, Z., Chen, Q., Li, X., Zhang, Y., Ren, M., Sun, L., Wang, M., Liu, X., & Yu, G. (2019). The non-negligible environmental risk of recycling halogenated flame retardants associated with plastic regeneration in China. Science of Total Environmental, 646, 1090–1096.
- Conti, M. E. ve BotreÁ, F. (1997) The content of heavy metals in food packaging paper: an atomic absorption spectro- scopy investigation. Food Control, 8(3), 131-136.
- Cooper, J.E., Kendig, E.L., & Belcher, S.M. (2011). Assessment of bisphenol A released from reusable plastic, aluminium and stainless-steel water bottles. Chemosphere, 85, 943–947.
- Commission JFWCA, Organization WH (1992). Codex Alimentarius. volume 3, residues of veterinary drugs in foods. In: Codex Alimentarius. volume 3, Residues of veterinary drugs in foods
- Dicastillo., L., C., Vel´asquez, E., Rojas, A., Guarda, A., &Galotto, M.J. (2020). The use of nanoadditives within recycled polymers for food packaging: properties, recyclability, and safety. ComporitionReveaverFood Science Food Safety, 19, 1760–1776.
- Eriksen, M.K., Pivnenko, K., Olsson, M.E., & Astrup, T.F. (2018). Contamination in plastic recycling: influence of metals on the quality of reprocessed plastic. Waste Management, 79, 595–606.
- European Commission, (2014). Flash Eurobarometer 388 Attitudes of Europeans towards Waste Management and Resource Efficiency. Retrieved from. http://ec. europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/flash/fl_388_en.pdf. Accessed 25 June 2019.
- Geueke, B., Groh, K., Muncke, J. (2018). Food packaging in the circular economy: overview of chemical safety aspects for commonly used materials. Journal Clean Production, 193, 491–505.
- Gu, F., Guo, J., Zhang, W., Summers, P.A., & Hall, P. (2017). From waste plastics to industrial raw materials: a life cycle assessment of mechanical plastic recycling practice based on a real-world case study. Science of Total Environmental, 601–602, 1192–1207.
- Jin-Feng, H., Xin-Guang, L., Qin-Bao, L., Zhong, L., Jia, L., Cai-Yun, X., & Wen-Jun, Z. (2019). Migration of metal elements from polylactic acid dinner plate into acidic food simulant and its safety evaluation, Food Packaging and Shelf Life, 22, 100381.
- Kilic, S., Yenisoy-Karakaş, S., &Kilic, M. (2015). Metal contamination in fruit juices in Turkey: Method validation and uncertainty budget. Food Analytical Methods, 8,2487–2495.
- Kilic, S., ve Kilic, M. (2019). Determination of trace elements and human health risk assessment in bottled spring water method validation. Atomic Spectroscopy, 40, 5, 161–166.
- Kilic, M., Kilic, S., &Yenisoy-Karakas, S. (2022). The method development for elimination of matrix interferences in seawater monitoring to determine elements by ICP‑MS. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, tps://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-10748-8
- Kovochich, M., Monnot, A., Kougias, D.G., More, S.L., Wilsey, J.T., Qiu, Q.Q., Perkins, L. E.L., Hasgall, P., Taneja, M., Reverdy, E.E., Sague, J., Marcello, S., Connor, K., Scutti, J., Christian, W.V., Coplan, P., Katz, L.B., Vreeke, M., Calistri-Yeh, M., Faiola, B., Unice, K., &Eichenbaum, G. (2021). Carcinogenic hazard assessment of cobalt-containing alloys in medical devices: review of in vivo studies. Regular Toxicology and Pharmacology, 122, 104910.
- Lau, O.W., ve Wong, S.K. (2000). Contamination in food from packaging material. Journal of Chromatography A, 882, 255–270.
- Linzner, R., &Salhofer, S. (2014). Municipal solid waste recycling and the significance of informal sector in urban China. Waste Management Research, 32, 896–907.
- Madhavan Nampoothiri, K., Nair, N. R., & John, R. P. (2010). An overview of the recent developments in polylactide (PLA) research. Bioresource Technology, 101(22), 8493–8501.
- Marsh, K., ve Bugusu, B. (2007). Food packaging-roles, materials, and environmental issues. Journal of Food Science, 72, 39–55.
- Muncke, J., Backhaus, T., Geueke, B., Maffini, M.V., Martin, O.V., Myers, J.P., Soto, A.M., Trasande, L., Trier, X., &Scheringer, M. (2017). Scientific challenges in the risk assessment of food contact materials. Environmental Health Perspect, 125, 1–9.
- Negev, M., Berman, T., Reicher, S., Sadeh, M., Ardi, R., &Shammai, Y. (2018). Concentrations of trace metals, phthalates, bisphenol A and flame-retardants in toys and other children’s products in Israel. Chemosphere, 192, 217–224.
- Otto, S., Strenger, M., Maier-Nöth, A., & Schmid, A. (2021). Food packaging and sustainability e Consumer perception vs correlated scientific facts: A review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 298, 126733.
- Periathamby, A., ve Law, H.J. (2020). Do we need landfills? Waste Management Research, 38, 10.
- Pilevar, Z., Bahrami, A., Beikzadeh, S., Hosseini, H., & Jafari, S.M. (2019). Migration of styrene monomer from polystyrene packaging materials into foods: characterization and safety evaluation. Trends Food Science Technology, 91, 248–261.
- Plastics Europe, (2018). Plastics- the facts. Retrieved from Brussels, Belgium: https:// www.plasticseurope.org/application/files/6315/4510/9658/Plastics_the_facts_2018_AF_web.pdf.Accessed 11 May 2019.
- Prunier, J., Maurice, L., Perez, E., Gigault, J., Pierson Wickmann, A.C., Davranche, M., & Halle, A. (2019). Trace metals in polyethylene debris from the North Atlantic subtropical gyre. Environmental Pollution, 245, 371–379.
- Romao, W., Franco, M.F., Bueno, M., Eberlin, M.N., & Paoli, M. (2010). Analysing metals in bottle-grade poly (ethylene terephthalate) by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 117, 2993–3000.
- Saleem, J., Adil Riaz, M., & Gordon, M. (2018). Oil sorbents from plastic wastes and polymers: A review. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 341, 424–437.
- Skrzydlewska, E., ve Balcerzak, M. (2004). Multi-elemental analysis of non-food packaging materials by inductively coupled plasma-time of flight-mass spectrometry. Talanta, 62,937–944.
- Tong, T., Dai, H., Xiao, Q., &Yan, N. (2020). Will dynamic pricing outperform? Theoretical analysis and empirical evidence from O2O on-demand food service market. International Journal Production Economy, 219, 375–385.
- Welle, F., ve Franz, R. (2011). Migration of antimony from PET bottles into beverages: determination of the activation energy of diffusion and migration modelling compared with literature data. Food Addition Contamination, 28, 115–126.
- Westerhoff, P., Prapaipong, P., Shock, E., &Hillaireau, A. (2008). Antimony leaching from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic used for bottled drinking water. Water Research, 42, 551–556.
- Yenisoy-Karakas, S. (2012). Estimation of uncertainties of the method to determine the concentractions of Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb, Sn and Zn in tomato paste samples analysed by high resolution ICP-MS. Food Chemistry, 132 (2012) 1555–1561,
- Yu, H., Jiali, C., Di, A., Ying, H., &Zhenwu, T. (2022). Occurrence, potential release and health risks of heavy metals in popular take-out food containers from China. Environmental Research,206,112265.
- Zhao, A., Li, Z., Ke, Y., Huo, S., Ma, Y., Zhang, Y., Zhang, J., & Ren, Z. (2020). Dietary diversity among Chinese residents during the COVID-19 outbreak and its associated factors. Nutrients, 12, 1–13.
Öz
It was analyzed using a Perkin Elmer ICP Elan with Mass Detector Elan DRC-e (ICP-MS) model system to determine the concentrations of heavy metals suspected to be present in 20 packaging materials of colored and colorless plastic and colored paper origin used for the packaging of fast food consumed in Antalya province. It is aimed to contribute to the literature by addressing the problems and solutions encountered during the analysis with the reliability studies of the applied preparation and device methods. Recovery studies were carried out with matrix spike method to be used in concentration determination studies of As, Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu and Ni elements, which are suspected to be contained in products used as food packaging. In addition, method performance was evaluated in terms of linearity. The recovery results obtained for the (Enviro Mat Drinking Water) Certified Reference Substance (SRM) concentration were used to obtain detection and quantification limit, accuracy, recovery precision data and validate the method. Lower concentrations were determined in the plastic packaging products used as transparent compared to the dyed products. Calibration plots for all monitored isotopes were found to have a correlation coefficient better than 0.9996. Method detection limits for all investigated elements were found in the range of 0.08 and 0.15 μg/L. The collected samples were divided into three groups and the Anova test was applied. When the data obtained were evaluated, it was concluded that the packaging material was more important than the color of the studied samples. When the sample concentrations were examined, As and Ni elements were not found. Cr and Pb concentrations in colored polypropylene samples were found to be higher than in colorless samples. It was concluded that the concentrations of Cd, Cr and Pb in the studied samples may be related to the addition of the source of pollution as important components in the pigments used in the products.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Assessment C (2017). General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories. ISO/IEC 17025.
- Bach, C., Dauchy, X., Chagnon, M.C., & Etienne, S. (2012). Chemical compounds and toxicological assessments of drinking water stored in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles: a source of controversy reviewed. Water Research, 46, 571–583.
- Bentayeb, K., Batlle, R., Romero, J., &Nerín, C. (2007). UPLC-MS as a powerful technique for screening the nonvolatile contaminants in recycled PET. AnalalticalBioananalty Chemistry, 388, 1031–1038.
- Brenner, I. (2010). ICPMS Applications Environmental Analytical Services, Jerusalem, Israel Cao, Z., Chen, Q., Li, X., Zhang, Y., Ren, M., Sun, L., Wang, M., Liu, X., & Yu, G. (2019). The non-negligible environmental risk of recycling halogenated flame retardants associated with plastic regeneration in China. Science of Total Environmental, 646, 1090–1096.
- Conti, M. E. ve BotreÁ, F. (1997) The content of heavy metals in food packaging paper: an atomic absorption spectro- scopy investigation. Food Control, 8(3), 131-136.
- Cooper, J.E., Kendig, E.L., & Belcher, S.M. (2011). Assessment of bisphenol A released from reusable plastic, aluminium and stainless-steel water bottles. Chemosphere, 85, 943–947.
- Commission JFWCA, Organization WH (1992). Codex Alimentarius. volume 3, residues of veterinary drugs in foods. In: Codex Alimentarius. volume 3, Residues of veterinary drugs in foods
- Dicastillo., L., C., Vel´asquez, E., Rojas, A., Guarda, A., &Galotto, M.J. (2020). The use of nanoadditives within recycled polymers for food packaging: properties, recyclability, and safety. ComporitionReveaverFood Science Food Safety, 19, 1760–1776.
- Eriksen, M.K., Pivnenko, K., Olsson, M.E., & Astrup, T.F. (2018). Contamination in plastic recycling: influence of metals on the quality of reprocessed plastic. Waste Management, 79, 595–606.
- European Commission, (2014). Flash Eurobarometer 388 Attitudes of Europeans towards Waste Management and Resource Efficiency. Retrieved from. http://ec. europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/flash/fl_388_en.pdf. Accessed 25 June 2019.
- Geueke, B., Groh, K., Muncke, J. (2018). Food packaging in the circular economy: overview of chemical safety aspects for commonly used materials. Journal Clean Production, 193, 491–505.
- Gu, F., Guo, J., Zhang, W., Summers, P.A., & Hall, P. (2017). From waste plastics to industrial raw materials: a life cycle assessment of mechanical plastic recycling practice based on a real-world case study. Science of Total Environmental, 601–602, 1192–1207.
- Jin-Feng, H., Xin-Guang, L., Qin-Bao, L., Zhong, L., Jia, L., Cai-Yun, X., & Wen-Jun, Z. (2019). Migration of metal elements from polylactic acid dinner plate into acidic food simulant and its safety evaluation, Food Packaging and Shelf Life, 22, 100381.
- Kilic, S., Yenisoy-Karakaş, S., &Kilic, M. (2015). Metal contamination in fruit juices in Turkey: Method validation and uncertainty budget. Food Analytical Methods, 8,2487–2495.
- Kilic, S., ve Kilic, M. (2019). Determination of trace elements and human health risk assessment in bottled spring water method validation. Atomic Spectroscopy, 40, 5, 161–166.
- Kilic, M., Kilic, S., &Yenisoy-Karakas, S. (2022). The method development for elimination of matrix interferences in seawater monitoring to determine elements by ICP‑MS. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, tps://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-10748-8
- Kovochich, M., Monnot, A., Kougias, D.G., More, S.L., Wilsey, J.T., Qiu, Q.Q., Perkins, L. E.L., Hasgall, P., Taneja, M., Reverdy, E.E., Sague, J., Marcello, S., Connor, K., Scutti, J., Christian, W.V., Coplan, P., Katz, L.B., Vreeke, M., Calistri-Yeh, M., Faiola, B., Unice, K., &Eichenbaum, G. (2021). Carcinogenic hazard assessment of cobalt-containing alloys in medical devices: review of in vivo studies. Regular Toxicology and Pharmacology, 122, 104910.
- Lau, O.W., ve Wong, S.K. (2000). Contamination in food from packaging material. Journal of Chromatography A, 882, 255–270.
- Linzner, R., &Salhofer, S. (2014). Municipal solid waste recycling and the significance of informal sector in urban China. Waste Management Research, 32, 896–907.
- Madhavan Nampoothiri, K., Nair, N. R., & John, R. P. (2010). An overview of the recent developments in polylactide (PLA) research. Bioresource Technology, 101(22), 8493–8501.
- Marsh, K., ve Bugusu, B. (2007). Food packaging-roles, materials, and environmental issues. Journal of Food Science, 72, 39–55.
- Muncke, J., Backhaus, T., Geueke, B., Maffini, M.V., Martin, O.V., Myers, J.P., Soto, A.M., Trasande, L., Trier, X., &Scheringer, M. (2017). Scientific challenges in the risk assessment of food contact materials. Environmental Health Perspect, 125, 1–9.
- Negev, M., Berman, T., Reicher, S., Sadeh, M., Ardi, R., &Shammai, Y. (2018). Concentrations of trace metals, phthalates, bisphenol A and flame-retardants in toys and other children’s products in Israel. Chemosphere, 192, 217–224.
- Otto, S., Strenger, M., Maier-Nöth, A., & Schmid, A. (2021). Food packaging and sustainability e Consumer perception vs correlated scientific facts: A review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 298, 126733.
- Periathamby, A., ve Law, H.J. (2020). Do we need landfills? Waste Management Research, 38, 10.
- Pilevar, Z., Bahrami, A., Beikzadeh, S., Hosseini, H., & Jafari, S.M. (2019). Migration of styrene monomer from polystyrene packaging materials into foods: characterization and safety evaluation. Trends Food Science Technology, 91, 248–261.
- Plastics Europe, (2018). Plastics- the facts. Retrieved from Brussels, Belgium: https:// www.plasticseurope.org/application/files/6315/4510/9658/Plastics_the_facts_2018_AF_web.pdf.Accessed 11 May 2019.
- Prunier, J., Maurice, L., Perez, E., Gigault, J., Pierson Wickmann, A.C., Davranche, M., & Halle, A. (2019). Trace metals in polyethylene debris from the North Atlantic subtropical gyre. Environmental Pollution, 245, 371–379.
- Romao, W., Franco, M.F., Bueno, M., Eberlin, M.N., & Paoli, M. (2010). Analysing metals in bottle-grade poly (ethylene terephthalate) by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 117, 2993–3000.
- Saleem, J., Adil Riaz, M., & Gordon, M. (2018). Oil sorbents from plastic wastes and polymers: A review. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 341, 424–437.
- Skrzydlewska, E., ve Balcerzak, M. (2004). Multi-elemental analysis of non-food packaging materials by inductively coupled plasma-time of flight-mass spectrometry. Talanta, 62,937–944.
- Tong, T., Dai, H., Xiao, Q., &Yan, N. (2020). Will dynamic pricing outperform? Theoretical analysis and empirical evidence from O2O on-demand food service market. International Journal Production Economy, 219, 375–385.
- Welle, F., ve Franz, R. (2011). Migration of antimony from PET bottles into beverages: determination of the activation energy of diffusion and migration modelling compared with literature data. Food Addition Contamination, 28, 115–126.
- Westerhoff, P., Prapaipong, P., Shock, E., &Hillaireau, A. (2008). Antimony leaching from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic used for bottled drinking water. Water Research, 42, 551–556.
- Yenisoy-Karakas, S. (2012). Estimation of uncertainties of the method to determine the concentractions of Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb, Sn and Zn in tomato paste samples analysed by high resolution ICP-MS. Food Chemistry, 132 (2012) 1555–1561,
- Yu, H., Jiali, C., Di, A., Ying, H., &Zhenwu, T. (2022). Occurrence, potential release and health risks of heavy metals in popular take-out food containers from China. Environmental Research,206,112265.
- Zhao, A., Li, Z., Ke, Y., Huo, S., Ma, Y., Zhang, Y., Zhang, J., & Ren, Z. (2020). Dietary diversity among Chinese residents during the COVID-19 outbreak and its associated factors. Nutrients, 12, 1–13.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Kimya Mühendisliği, Gıda Mühendisliği |
| Bölüm | Kimya / Chemistry |
| Yazarlar | |
| Erken Görünüm Tarihi | 29 Ağustos 2023 |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 1 Eylül 2023 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 13 Ocak 2023 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 10 Nisan 2023 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2023 Cilt: 13 Sayı: 3 |
