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Some Characteristics of Honey and Propolis and Their Effects on Covid-19

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 129 - 153, 27.12.2021

Öz

The new type of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by coronavirus‐2 (SARS-CoV-2) has recently led to a global pandemic due to severe acute respiratory syndrome. The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is the part of the coronavirus family that contaminates individuals after SARS coronavirus and MERS. Currently, there is no specific medicine, treatment, or vaccine for coronavirus disease. In addition, studies on the use of foods that can be defined as alternative medicine continue in this process. In this context, the consumption of honey bee products in the treatment process, which is called apitherapy, has attracted great interest. Even though the antimicrobial property and immune-strengthen effect of honey are clear, there are limited studies available on its effectiveness against coronavirus outbreaks. In vivo and in vitro studies have been conducted on the potential effects of honey against COVID-19 based on previously investigated antiviral effects and phytochemical components. Despite some bioactive compounds in honey (such as methylglyoxal, chrysin, caffeic acid, galangin, and hesperidin) have shown potential antiviral effects and strengthened the immune system, more studies are needed to understand the mechanism of action of these compounds. Propolis, a material produced by honey bees from disparate resinous substances collected from plants, has been utilized as a traditional herbal source for a long time. It is also commonly consumed as an immune system booster. In this case, with the COVID-19 outbreak, the interest in propolis products has increased even more in the world. Various aspects of the SARS-CoV-2 infection mechanism are potential targets for propolis compounds. SARS-CoV-2 entry into host cells is characterized by viral spike protein interaction with cellular ACE-2 and TMPRSS2. This mechanism involves high expression of PAK1, a kinase that mediates coronavirus-induced pneumonia, fibrosis and immune system suppression. There are various in vitro and in vivo antiviral activity studies investigating the inhibitory effects of propolis components on ACE-2, TMPRSS2 and PAK1 signaling pathways. The purpose of this research is to bring together the studies on COVID-19 with the health effects of honey and propolis, to contribute to the in vivo and clinical studies that are still required.

Kaynakça

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Bal ve Propolisin Bazı Özellikleri ve Covid-19 Üzerine Etkileri

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 129 - 153, 27.12.2021

Öz

Koronavirüs ‐ 2'nin (SARS ‐ CoV ‐ 2) neden olduğu yeni koronavirüs hastalığı (COVID ‐ 19), şiddetli akut solunum sendromu sebebiyle son zamanlarda küresel pandemiye neden olmuştur. Yeni tip koronavirüs (COVID-19) SARS koronavirüsü ve MERS sonrası insanları enfekte eden koronavirüs ailesinin üyesidir. Halen koronavirüs hastalığı için belirlenmiş kesin bir ilaç, tedavi veya aşı bulunmamaktadır. Bunun yanısıra bu süreçte alternatif ilaç olarak tanımlanabilen gıdaların kullanımı üzerine araştırmalar devam etmektedir. Bu kapsamda apiterapi adı verilen ve bal arısı ürünlerinin tedavi sürecinde kullanılması büyük ilgi çekmiştir. Bal için tanımlanan antimikrobiyal özellik ve bağışıklığı kuvvetlendirici etkisine rağmen, bugüne kadar koronavirüs salgınlarındaki etkinliğiyle ilgili mevcut sınırlı çalışmalar bulunmaktadır. Balın daha önce araştırılan antiviral etkilerine ve fitokimyasal bileşenlerine dayanarak COVID-19'a karşı potansiyel etkisi üzerine in vivo ve in vitro çalışmalar yapılmıştır. Baldaki bazı biyoaktif bileşikler (metilglioksal, krisin, kafeik asit, galangin ve hesperidin gibi) potansiyel antiviral etki göstermiş veya bağışıklık sistemini kuvvetlendirmiş olsa da, bu bileşiklerin etki mekanizmaları için yeni çalışmalara ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Arıların bitkilerden topladıkları farklı reçineli maddelerden ürettiği bir materyal olan propolis, geleneksel şifalı bitkisel kaynak olarak uzun süredir kullanılmaktadır. Aynı zamanda bağışıklık sistemi güçlendiricisi olarakta tüketilmektedir. Bu durumda, COVID-19 salgını ile beraber, dünya çapında propolis ürünlerine olan ilgi daha da artmıştır. SARS-CoV-2 enfeksiyon mekanizmasının çeşitli yönleri propolis bileşikleri için potansiyel hedef olmaktadır. Konakçı hücrelere SARS-CoV-2 girişi, ACE-2 ve TMPRSS2 ile viral spike protein etkileşimi karakterize edilmektedir. Bu mekanizma, koronavirüsün neden olduğu pnömoni, fibroza ve bağışıklık sistemi baskılanmasına aracılık eden, bir kinaz olan PAK1 yüksek ekspresyonunu içermektedir. Propolis bileşenlerinin ACE-2, TMPRSS2 ve PAK1 sinyal yolakları üzerinde önleyici etkisinin araştırıldığı çeşitli in vitro ve in vivo antiviral aktivite çalışmaları mevcuttur. Bu araştırma kapsamının amacı bal ve propolisin sağlık üzerine etkileri ile beraber COVID-19 üzerine yapılan çalışmalarını bir araya getirerek hala ihtiyaç duyulan in vivo ve klinik çalışmalara bir katkı sağlamaktır. 

Kaynakça

  • Adaškevičiūtė, V., Kaškonienė, V., Kaškonas, P., Barčauskaitė, K., & Maruška, A. (2019). Comparison of physicochemical properties of bee pollen with other bee products. Biomolecules, 9(12), 819.
  • Afsharpour, F., Hashemipour, S., Khadem-Haghighian, H., & Koushan, Y. (2017). Effects of Iranian propolis on glycemic status, inflammatory factors, and liver enzyme levels in type 2 diabetic patients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial. Journal of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, 9-14.
  • Al-Hatamleh, M. A., Hatmal, M. M. M., Sattar, K., Ahmad, S., Mustafa, M. Z., Bittencourt, M. D. C., & Mohamud, R. (2020). Antiviral and Immunomodulatory Effects of Phytochemicals from Honey against COVID-19: Potential Mechanisms of Action and Future Directions. Molecules, 25(21), 5017.
  • Almuhayawi, M. S. (2020). Propolis: A Novel Antibacterial Agent. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences.
  • Anjum, S.I., Ullah, A., Khan, K.A., Attaullah, M., Khan, H., Ali, H., Bashir, M.A., Tahir, M., Ansari, M.J., Ghramh, H.A., Adgaba, N., Dash, C.K. (2019). Composition and functional properties of propolis (bee glue): A review. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 26(7), 1695-1703.
  • Anonim, (2020). https://taylansamanci.com/propolis-nedir/
  • Anonymous, (2020a). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Human coronavirus types. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/types.html.
  • Anonymous, (2020b). Efficacy of Natural Honey Treatment in Patients with Novel Coronavirus. ClinicalTrials.gov. Available online: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT04323345 (accessed on 14 September 2020).
  • Ashraf, S., Ashraf, S., Ashraf, M., Imran, M. A., Kalsoom, L., Siddiqui, U. N., ... & Izhar, M. (2020). Honey and Nigella sativa against COVID-19 in Pakistan (HNS-COVID-PK): A multi-center placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial. medRxiv.
  • Ashraf, S., Ashraf, S., Ashraf, M., Imran, M. A., Kalsoom, L., Siddiqui, U. N., ... & Izhar, M. (2020). Therapeutic efficacy of Honey and Nigella sativa against COVID-19: A multi-center randomized controlled clinical trial (HNS-COVID-PK). medRxiv.
  • Bachevski, D., Damevska, K., Simeonovski, V., & Dimova, M. (2020). Back to the basics: Propolis and COVID‐19. Dermatologic Therapy, 33(4), e13780.
  • Berretta, A. A., Silveira, M. A. D., Capcha, J. M. C., & De Jong, D. (2020). Propolis and its potential against SARS-CoV-2 infection mechanisms and COVID-19 disease. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 110622.
  • Bogdanov, S., Jurendic, T., Sieber, R., & Gallmann, P. (2008). Honey for nutrition and health: a review. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 27(6), 677-689. Bogdanov, S.2020. Antiviral properties of the bee products: a review.
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  • Burger, E. A. (2020). Evidence of the Existence of a Large Amount of Cationic Antimicrobial Peptides in Propolis, with a Strong Physical/Electrostatic Mechanism of Action (Detergent-like), and their Possible Promising Effects in the Treatment of COVID-19 by means of Propolis Extract Inhalation. Authorea Preprints.
  • Burlando, B., Cornara, L. (2013). Honey in dermatology and skin care: a review. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 12(4), 306-313.
  • Cauich-Kumul, R., & Campos, M. R. S. (2019). Bee Propolis: Properties, Chemical Composition, Applications, and Potential Health Effects. In Bioactive Compounds (pp. 227-243). Woodhead Publishing.
  • Chan, G. C. F., Cheung, K. W., & Sze, D. M. Y. (2013). The immunomodulatory and anticancer properties of propolis. Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology, 44(3), 262-273. Chaven, S. (2014). Honey, confectionery and bakery products. In Food safety management (pp. 283-299). Academic Press.
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  • Codex Alimentarius Comission (CAC), 2001. Codex standard of honey. Codex sran 12-1981, 1-8.
  • Cornara, L., Biagi, M., Xiao, J., & Burlando, B. (2017). Therapeutic properties of bioactive compounds from different honeybee products. Frontiers in pharmacology, 8, 412.
  • Cuevas, A., Saavedra, N., Salazar, L. A., & Abdalla, D. S. (2013). Modulation of immune function by polyphenols: possible contribution of epigenetic factors. Nutrients, 5(7), 2314-2332.
  • Debiaggi M, Tateo F, Pagani L, Luini M, Romero E. (1990). Effects of propolis flavonoids on virus infectivity and replication. Microbiologica, 13, 207-213.
  • Degirmencioglu, H. T., Guzelmeric, E., Yuksel, P. I., Kırmızıbekmez, H., Deniz, I., & Yesilada, E. (2019). A new type of Anatolian propolis: Evaluation of its chemical composition, activity profile and botanical origin. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 16(12), e1900492.
  • Escuredo, O., Míguez, M., Fernández-González, M., & Seijo, M. C. (2013). Nutritional value and antioxidant activity of honeys produced in a European Atlantic area. Food chemistry, 138(2-3), 851-856.
  • FAO, 2019. http://www.fao.org/resources/infographics/infographics-details/en/c/1202954/
  • Fratellone, P. M., Tsimis, F., & Fratellone, G. (2016). Apitherapy products for medicinal use. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 22(12), 1020-1022.
  • Fukuda, T., Fukui, M., Tanaka, M., Senmaru, T., Iwase, H., Yamazaki, M., Aoi, W., Inui, T., Nakamura, N., Marunaka, Y. (2015). Effect of Brazilian green propolis in patients with type 2 diabetes: A double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study. Biomedical Reports, 3(3), 355-360.
  • Furtado Júnior, J. H. D. C., Valadas, L. A. R., Fonseca, S. G. D. C., Lobo, P. L. D., Calixto, L. H. M., Lima, A. G. F., de Aguiar, M.H.R., Arruda, I.S., Lotif, M.A.L., Rodrigues Neto, E.M., Fonteles, M. M. D. F. (2020). Clinical and Microbiological Evaluation of Brazilian Red Propolis Containing-Dentifrice in Orthodontic Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2020.
  • Gajek, G., Marciniak, B., Lewkowski, J., & Kontek, R. (2020). Antagonistic Effects of CAPE (a Component of Propolis) on the Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity of Irinotecan and SN38 in Human Gastrointestinal Cancer Cells In Vitro. Molecules, 25(3), 658.
  • Gomes, T., Feás, X., Iglesias, A., & Estevinho, L. M. (2011). Study of organic honey from the northeast of Portugal. Molecules, 16(7), 5374-5386.
  • Gómez-Caravaca, A. M., Gómez-Romero, M., Arráez-Román, D., Segura-Carretero, A., & Fernández-Gutiérrez, A. (2006). Advances in the analysis of phenolic compounds in products derived from bees. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 41(4), 1220-1234.
  • Güler, H. I., Tatar, G., Yildiz, O., Belduz, A. O., & Kolayli, S. (2020). Investigation of potential inhibitor properties of ethanolic propolis extracts against ACE-II receptors for COVID-19 treatment by Molecular Docking Study. ScienceOpen Preprints.
  • Hashem, H. (2020). IN Silico approach of some selected honey constituents as SARS-CoV-2 main protease (COVID-19) inhibitors. Iglesias, A., Feás, X., Rodrigues, S., Seijas, J. A., Vázquez-Tato, M. P., Dias, L. G., & Estevinho, L. M. (2012). Comprehensive study of honey with protected denomination of origin and contribution to the enhancement of legal specifications. Molecules, 17(7), 8561-8577.
  • Jalali, M., Ranjbar, T., Mosallanezhad, Z., Mahmoodi, M., Moosavian, S. P., Ferns, G. A., Jajali, R., Sohrabi, Z. (2020). Effect of Propolis Intake on Serum C-Reactive Protein (CRP) and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) Levels in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 50, 102380-102380.
  • Jones, R. (2001). Honey and healing through the ages Ed Munn P. & Jones R. Honey Heal. I First DBRA Cardiff, 263.
  • Khan, S. U., Anjum, S. I., Rahman, K., Ansari, M.J.; Khan, W.U.; Kamal, S.; Khattak, B.; Muhammad, A.; Khan, H.U. (2018). Honey: Single food stuff comprises many drugs. Saudi journal of biological sciences, 25(2), 320-325.
  • Khayrani, A. C., Irdiani, R., Aditama, R., Pratami, D. K., Lischer, K., Ansari, M. J., Chinnathambi, A., Alharbi, S. A., Almoallim, H.S., Sahlan, M. (2021). Evaluating the potency of Sulawesi propolis compounds as ACE-2 inhibitors through molecular docking for COVID-19 drug discovery preliminary study. Journal of King Saud University-Science, 33(2), 101297.
  • Kurek-Górecka, A., Górecki, M., Rzepecka-Stojko, A., Balwierz, R., & Stojko, J. (2020). Bee Products in Dermatology and Skin Care. Molecules, 25(3), 556.
  • Kuropatnicki, A. K., Szliszka, E., & Krol, W. (2013). Historical aspects of propolis research in modern times. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2013.
  • Lan, X., Wang, W., Li, Q., & Wang, J. (2016). The natural flavonoid pinocembrin: molecular targets and potential therapeutic applications. Molecular neurobiology, 53(3), 1794-1801.
  • Lim, Y. X., Ng, Y. L., Tam, J. P., & Liu, D. X. (2016). Human coronaviruses: a review of virus–host interactions. Diseases, 4(3), 26.
  • Lima, W. G., Brito, J. C., & da Cruz Nizer, W. S. (2020). Bee products as a source of promising therapeutic and chemoprophylaxis strategies against COVID‐19 (SARS‐CoV‐2). Phytotherapy Research.
  • Lotfy, M. (2006). Biological activity of bee propolis in health and disease. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 7(1), 22-31.
  • Miryan, M., Soleimani, D., Dehghani, L., Sohrabi, K., Khorvash, F., Bagherniya, M., ... & Askari, G. (2020). The effect of propolis supplementation on clinical symptoms in patients with coronavirus (COVID-19): A structured summary of a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials, 21(1), 1-2.
  • Moniruzzaman, M., Khalil, M. I., Sulaiman, S. A., & Gan, S. H. (2012). Advances in the analytical methods for determining the antioxidant properties of honey: a review. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines, 9(1), 36-42.
  • Mujica, V., Orrego, R., Pérez, J., Romero, P., Ovalle, P., Zúñiga-Hernández, J., Arredondo, M., Leiva, E. (2017). The role of propolis in oxidative stress and lipid metabolism: a randomized controlled trial. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2017.
  • Mustafa, M. Z., Shamsuddin, S. H., Sulaiman, S. A., & Abdullah, J. M. (2020). Anti-inflammatory properties of stingless bee honey may reduce the severity of pulmonary manifestations in COVID-19 infections. The Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences: MJMS, 27(2), 165.
  • Nitecka-Buchta, A., Buchta, P., Tabeńska-Bosakowska, E., Walczyńska-Dragoń, K., & Baron, S. (2014). Myorelaxant effect of bee venom topical skin application in patients with RDC/TMD Ia and RDC/TMD Ib: a randomized, double blinded study. BioMed research international, 2014.
  • Orhan, I. E., & Deniz, F. S. S. (2020). Natural Products as Potential Leads Against Coronaviruses: Could They be Encouraging Structural Models Against SARS-CoV-2?. Natural Products and Bioprospecting, 1-16.
  • Pagani, L. (1990). Effects of propolis flavonoids on virus infectivity and replication. Microbiologica, 13, 207-213. Pascoal, A., Feás, X., Dias, T., Dias, L. G., & Estevinho, L. M. (2014). The role of honey and propolis in the treatment of infected wounds. In Microbiology for Surgical Infections (pp. 221-234). Academic Press.
  • Polansky, H., & Lori, G. (2020). Coronavirus (COVID-19), First Indication of Efficacy of Gene-Eden-VIR/Novirin in SARS-CoV-2 Infections. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents.
  • Potschinkova, P. (1992). Bienenprodukte in der Medizin. Apitherapie. München: Ehrenwirth Verlag.
  • Refaat, H., Mady, F. M., Sarhan, H. A., Rateb, H. S., & Alaaeldin, E. (2021). Optimization and evaluation of propolis liposomes as a promising therapeutic approach for COVID-19. International journal of pharmaceutics, 592, 120028.
  • Ribeiro, V. P., Arruda, C., Mejía, J. A. A., Candido, A. C. B. B., Dos Santos, R. A., Magalhães, L. G., & Bastos, J. K. (2020). Brazilian southeast brown propolis: gas chromatography method development for its volatile oil analysis, its antimicrobial and leishmanicidal activities evaluation. Phytochemical Analysis.
  • Sahlan, M., Irdiani, R., Flamandita, D., Aditama, R., Alfarraj, S., Ansari, M. J., Khayrani, A.C., Pratami, D.K., & Lischer, K. (2021). Molecular interaction analysis of Sulawesi propolis compounds with SARS-CoV-2 main protease as preliminary study for COVID-19 drug discovery. Journal of King Saud University-Science, 33(1), 101234.
  • Salcido, R. (2008). Honey: is apitherapy an emergency?.
  • Santos, L. M., Fonseca, M. S., Sokolonski, A. R., Deegan, K. R., Araújo, R. P., Umsza‐Guez, M. A., , Barbosa, J.D., Portela, R.D., Machado, B. A. (2020). Propolis: types, composition, biological activities, and veterinary product patent prospecting. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 100(4), 1369-1382.
  • Scorza, C. A., Gonçalves, V. C., Scorza, F. A., Fiorini, A. C., de Almeida, A. C. G., Fonseca, M. C., & Finsterer, J. (2020). Propolis and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): lessons from nature. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 41, 101227.
  • Shaldam, M. A., Yahya, G., Mohamed, N. H., Abdel-Daim, M. M., & Al Naggar, Y. (2020). In silico screening of potent bioactive compounds from honey bee products against COVID-19 target enzymes. ChemRxiv. Prepr. doi, 10.
  • Shapla, U. M., Solayman, M., Alam, N., Khalil, M. I., & Gan, S. H. (2018). 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) levels in honey and other food products: effects on bees and human health. Chemistry Central Journal, 12(1), 35.
  • Silveira, M. A. D., De Jong, D., dos Santos Galvão, E. B., Ribeiro, J. C., Silva, T. C., Berretta, A. A., ... & da Hora Passos, R. (2021). Efficacy of propolis as an adjunct treatment for hospitalized COVID-19 patients: a randomized, controlled clinical trial. medRxiv.
  • Simone-Finstrom, M., Borba, R. S., Wilson, M., & Spivak, M. (2017). Propolis counteracts some threats to honey bee health. Insects, 8(2), 46.
  • Terzo, S., Mulè, F., & Amato, A. (2020). Honey and obesity-related dysfunctions: A summary on health benefits. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 108401.
  • Toreti, V. C., Sato, H. H., Pastore, G. M., & Park, Y. K. (2013). Recent progress of propolis for its biological and chemical compositions and its botanical origin. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine, 2013.
  • Tort, S., & Acartürk, F. (2020). Investigation of propolis and boron containing disinfectants and comparison with who-recommended formulation against COVID-19. Gazi Medical Journal, 31(3 A).
  • UNICEF. (2020). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): What parents should know. How to protect yourself and your children.
  • Viuda‐Martos, M., Ruiz‐Navajas, Y., Fernández‐López, J., & Pérez‐Álvarez, J. A. (2008). Functional properties of honey, propolis, and royal jelly. Journal of food science, 73(9), R117-R124.
  • Volpi, N. (2004). Separation of flavonoids and phenolic acids from propolis by capillary zone electrophoresis. Electrophoresis, 25(12), 1872-1878.
  • Woźniak, M., Mrówczyńska, L., Waśkiewicz, A., Rogoziński, T., & Ratajczak, I. (2019). The role of seasonality on the chemical composition, antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity of Polish propolis in human erythrocytes. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, 29(3), 301-308.
  • Wu, C.; Liu, Y.; Yang, Y.; Zhang, P.; Zhong, W.; Wang, Y.; Wang, Q.; Xu, Y.; Li, M.; Li, X. (2020). Analysis of therapeutic targets for SARS-CoV-2 and discovery of potential drugs by computational methods. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B.
  • Yaghoobi, N., Al-Waili, N., Ghayour-Mobarhan, M., Parizadeh, S. M. R., Abasalti, Z., Yaghoobi, Z., F. Yaghoobi, H. Esmaeili, S. M., Kazemi-Bajestani, R., Aghasizadeh, R., Khelod Y.,
  • Saloom, Y., Ferns, G.A.A (2008). Natural honey and cardiovascular risk factors; effects on blood glucose, cholesterol, triacylglycerole, CRP, and body weight compared with sucrose. TheScientificWorldJOURNAL, 8, 463-469.
  • Yoshikawa, T., Hill, T., Li, K., Peters, C. J., & Tseng, C. T. K. (2009). Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus-induced lung epithelial cytokines exacerbate SARS pathogenesis by modulating intrinsic functions of monocyte-derived macrophages and dendritic cells. Journal of virology, 83(7), 3039-3048.
  • Zakerkish, M., Jenabi, M., Zaeemzadeh, N., Hemmati, A. A., & Neisi, N. (2019). The effect of Iranian propolis on glucose metabolism, lipid profile, insulin resistance, renal function and inflammatory biomarkers in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized double-blind clinical trial. Scientific reports, 9(1), 1-11.
  • Zhao, L., Pu, L., Wei, J., Li, J., Wu, J., Xin, Z., Gao, W., Guo, C. (2016). Brazilian green propolis improves antioxidant function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. International journal of environmental research and public health, 13(5), 498.
Toplam 77 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Gıda Mühendisliği
Bölüm Derleme Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Arzu Odunkıran 0000-0002-6455-8594

Memnune Şengül 0000-0003-3909-2523

Seda Ufuk 0000-0001-6250-6670

Yayımlanma Tarihi 27 Aralık 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Odunkıran, A., Şengül, M., & Ufuk, S. (2021). Some Characteristics of Honey and Propolis and Their Effects on Covid-19. Journal of Apitherapy and Nature, 4(2), 129-153.
AMA Odunkıran A, Şengül M, Ufuk S. Some Characteristics of Honey and Propolis and Their Effects on Covid-19. J.Apit.Nat. Aralık 2021;4(2):129-153.
Chicago Odunkıran, Arzu, Memnune Şengül, ve Seda Ufuk. “Some Characteristics of Honey and Propolis and Their Effects on Covid-19”. Journal of Apitherapy and Nature 4, sy. 2 (Aralık 2021): 129-53.
EndNote Odunkıran A, Şengül M, Ufuk S (01 Aralık 2021) Some Characteristics of Honey and Propolis and Their Effects on Covid-19. Journal of Apitherapy and Nature 4 2 129–153.
IEEE A. Odunkıran, M. Şengül, ve S. Ufuk, “Some Characteristics of Honey and Propolis and Their Effects on Covid-19”, J.Apit.Nat., c. 4, sy. 2, ss. 129–153, 2021.
ISNAD Odunkıran, Arzu vd. “Some Characteristics of Honey and Propolis and Their Effects on Covid-19”. Journal of Apitherapy and Nature 4/2 (Aralık 2021), 129-153.
JAMA Odunkıran A, Şengül M, Ufuk S. Some Characteristics of Honey and Propolis and Their Effects on Covid-19. J.Apit.Nat. 2021;4:129–153.
MLA Odunkıran, Arzu vd. “Some Characteristics of Honey and Propolis and Their Effects on Covid-19”. Journal of Apitherapy and Nature, c. 4, sy. 2, 2021, ss. 129-53.
Vancouver Odunkıran A, Şengül M, Ufuk S. Some Characteristics of Honey and Propolis and Their Effects on Covid-19. J.Apit.Nat. 2021;4(2):129-53.
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