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Economic efficiency of smallholder okra (Abelmoschus species) production in Kaduna State, Nigeria: Implication for poverty alleviation

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 4, 853 - 863, 29.12.2023

Olugbenga Omotayo Alabı Nnemeka Ihegwuagu Hassan Isah Adeniyi Abiloro James Simpa Ezekiel Haruna Jeremiah Aluwong

https://doi.org/10.31015/jaefs.2023.4.16

Öz

This study evaluated economic efficiency of smallholder okra (Abelmoschus species) production in Kaduna State, Nigeria: Implication for poverty alleviation. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 120 smallholder okra farmers. Primary sources of data were used. Data were analyzed using farm budgetary technique, financial analysis, stochastic production frontier model, allocative efficiency model, economic efficiency model, Tobit dichotomous regression model, and principal component model. The results show that the mean age of smallholder okra farmers was 43 years. Averagely, okra farmers had 1.8 hectares of farm land. The gross margin and net farm income of okra production per hectare was estimated at 619,325.77 Naira and 559, 194.76 Naira respectively. This signifies that the smallholder okra production was profitable. The mean technical, economic, and allocative efficiency scores were 0.7918, 0.5338, and 0.8345 respectively. The socio-economic factors influencing economic efficiency of smallholder okra production include: age (P<0.01), educational level (P< 0.10), marital status (P< 0.01), household size (P <0.01), farm size (P<0.01), and member of cooperative organization (P<0.05). The major constraints encountered by okra producers were lack of farm inputs, lack of credit facilities, and high cost of labour. The study recommended that farmers should be provided with improved variety of seeds, chemicals, credit facilities, and fertilizer inputs in order to increase their productivity and efficiency.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Economic Efficiency Smallholder Okra Production Kaduna State Nigeria

Kaynakça

  • Adebayo, E.F. (2006). Resource Use Efficiency and Multiple Production Objectives of Dairy Pastoralists in Adamawa state, Nigeria. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Ibadan.
  • Adeboye, O.C., Awokoya J.O., and Oluseyi, E. (2009). Effect of seasonal changes on growth and yield of okra (Abelmoschs esculentus L. Moench). Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, 5(9), 940–943.
  • Ahmed, B. (2015). “Determinants of Household Level Poverty and its Impact on Farm Productive Efficiency: The Case of Eastern Ethiopia.” World Applied Sciences Journal 33 (10): 1631–1643.
  • Alabi, O.O., Oladele, A.O & Oladele, N.O (2020). Economic Market Decisions among Marginal Maize Farmers in Abuja, Nigeria: Applications of Double Hurdle Model and Factor Analysis. Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences, 8(104): 114 – 125. https://doi.org/10.18551/rjoas.2020-08.14
  • Alabi, O.O., Oladele, A.O., & Maharazu, I (2022). Economies of Scale and Technical Efficiency of Smallholder Pepper (Capsicum species) Production in Abuja, Nigeria. Journal of Agricultural Sciences (Belgrade), 67 (1): 63 – 82. https://doi.org/10.2298/JAS2201063A
  • Ali, S., & M. Khan. (2014). “Technical Efficiency of Wheat Production in District Peshawar Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan.” Sarhad Journal of Agriculture 30 (4): 433–441.
  • Amos, T.T. (2007). Analysis of Backyard Poultry Production in Ondo State, Nigeria. International Journal of Poultry Science. 5(3): 247-250, Retrieved December 09, 2012, from http://www.pjbs.org/ijps/fin532.pdf
  • Asogwa, B. C., J. C. Umeh, & V. A. Okwoche (2012). “Poverty and Efficiency among the Farming Households in Nigeria: A Guide for Poverty Reduction Policy.” Current Research Journal of Economic Theory 4 (1): 6–10.
  • Asogwa, B.C., Umeh, J.C., & Penda, S.T (2011). Analysis of Economic Efficiency of Nigerian Small-Scale Farmers: A Parametric Frontier Approach. Journal of Economics, 2(2): 89-98
  • Battese, G. E., & T. J. Coelli. (1995). “A Model for Technical Inefficiency Effect in a Stochastic Frontier Production Function for Panel Data”. Empirical Economics 20 (2): 325–332.
  • Busari Ahmed Olugbenga & Okanlawon Islamiat Nike (2015). Economic Appraisal of Small and Medium Scale Poultry Egg Production in Ife and Ilesha Metropolis, Osun State, Nigeria. Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology. 3(7): 562-565, 2015. Dey, M.M, Paraguas F.J.,Bimbaa, G.B, & Regaspi, P.B (2001). Technical Efficiency of Tilapia Growth and Pond Operations in The Philipines. Journal of Agricultural Economics, Margges 4: 33- 46.
  • Ekunwe P, Alufohai G, &Adolue C (2017). Economic viability of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) production in Ika South and North East Local Government Areas of Delta State, Nigeria. Journal of Tropical Agriculture, Food, Environment and Extension, 17(1):57-62. https://doi.org/10.4314/as.v17i1.8
  • Food and Agriculture Organization (2007). Food and Agricultural organization, Guidelines for measuring households Individual Dietary Diversity. Version, FAO/Nutrition and consumer Protection diversity FAO, Fanta project Rome, Italy.
  • Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2015). The economic lives of smallholder farmers. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. http://www.fao.org/3/i5251e/i5251e.pdf
  • Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2016). Study on Smallscale Family Farming in the Near East and North Africa Region. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. http://www.fao.org/3/i6436e/i6436e.pdf
  • Farinde, A.J., Owolarafe, O.K., & Ogungbemi, O.I. (2007). Assessment of Production, Processing, Marketing and Utilization of okra in Egbedore Local Government Area of Osun State, Nigeria. Journal of Agronomy, 5, 342–349.
  • Folorunso, S.T & Bayo, D (2020). Comparative Analysis of Total Factor Productivity among Potato (Solanum tuberasum) Farmers in Bokkos Local Government Area of Plateau State, Nigeria, FUDMA Journal of Sciences (FJS) ISSN online: 2616-1370 ISSN print: 2645 - 2944 Vol. 4 No. 3, September, 2020, pp 275 – 284 https://doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2020-0403-392
  • Folorunso, S.T., Stephen-Adamu, O.O & Uzochukwu, L.I. (2023). Assessment of Profitability and Solvency of Ginger (Zingibera officinale Roscoe) Production in Kachia Local Government Area, Kaduna state, Nigeria. Journal of Agricultural Economics, Extension & Social Sciences, 5(1), 54 – 61.
  • Folorunso,S., Alabi, R., Stephen-Adamu, O & Onuwa, G (2023). Assessment of the Effect of COVID-19 Lockdown Dietary Diversity among Urban Households in Jos, Plateau state, Nigeria. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Sciences and Technology, 11(4): 823-829.
  • Gelaw, F. (2013). “Inefficiency and Incapability Gaps as Causes of Poverty: A Poverty Line-Augmented Efficiency Analysis Using Stochastic Distance Function.” African Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, African Association of Agricultural Economists 8 (2): 1–45. https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.160627
  • Gashaw, T.A., Gian, N F. & Kindle, G. (2013). Impact of Agricultural Cooperatives on Small Holders‟ Technical Efficiency: Evidence from Ethiopia. European Research Institute on Cooperative and Social Enterprises. EURICSE Working Paper. 2281 – 8235. 1 – 32.
  • Imonikhe, G.A. (2004). Impact of Katsina State Agriculture and Community Development Project on Income and Productivity of Farmers. Unpublished Ph.D Thesis, Department of Agric. Economics & Rural Sociology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria: 59.
  • Kolawole,O. & Ojo, S.O.(2007). Economic Efficiency of Small Scale Food Crop Production in Nigeria: A Stochastic Production Frontier Approach. Journal of Social science. 14(2): 123 – 130.
  • Krishna, K. &, Singh,J. (2018). Production of okra in Meerut district of western Uttar Pradesh. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry,7(4):66-68.
  • Kurwornu E. N. Nyanteng V. K. & Asuming Brempong, S. (2013). The Role of Agriculture in Food Security in Ghana. A paper presented at Roles of Agriculture project. International Conference 19 – 25 July, 2013. Organize by Agricultural Development Economic Division ESA food.
  • Kumar N, Singh S, Sharma M, & Sharma P (2015). An economic analysis of Okra cultivation in Jammu district of J & K State, India. Ecology, Environment and Conservation Journal 21(1):281 283.
  • Kushwaha S, Singh K & Kushwaha R (2018). Okra: A study on cost and profitability analysis in Deoria District of Uttar Pradesh. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry,7(5):153- 156.
  • Tegar, A (2019). Economics of production and marketing of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) in Bilaspur District of Chhattisgarh State of India. Plant Archives 19(1):1017-1022.
  • Ijoyah, M.O.& Dzer, D.M (2012). Yield performance of Okra (Abelmoscus esculentus L. Moench and Maize (Zea mays L.) as affected by Time of Planting in Makurdi, Nigeria. J. Agronom., 1(7).
  • Law-Ogbomo, K.E., Osaigbovo, A.U., & Ewansiha, S.U. (2013). Responses of Okra (Abelmoscus esculentus) to various Periods of Weed Interference in a Humid Tropical Environment. Inter. J. Agric. Rural Dev., 16(1), 1368–1371.
  • National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) (2012). Socio-Economic Survey on Nigeria. First Quarter Report, NBS, Abuja, Nigeria.
  • National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) (2022). Data Base nigeriastat.gov.ng.
  • Nwaru J.C, Onyenweaku C E & Nwosu A.C (2006). Relative Technical Efficiency of credit and Non-credit User Crop Farmers. African Crop Science Journal. 14(3):241-251.
  • Ogundari, K. (2008). “Resource Productivity, Allocative Efficiency and Determinants of Technical Efficiency of Rain-Fed Rice Farmers: a Guide for Food Security Policy in Nigeria.” Agricultural Economics 54 (5): 224–233.
  • Ogundari, K., & S. O. Ojo. (2007). “Economic Efficiency of Small-Scale Food Crop Production in Nigeria: A Stochastic Frontier Approach.” Journal of Social Science 14 (2): 123–130. https://doi.org/10.1080/09718923.2007.11978363
  • National Population Commission (2004). National Policy on Population for Sustainable Development. Abuja, Nigeria.
  • Oladeebo, J. O. (2012). “Technical Efficiency and Rural Poverty among Farmers in Nigeria: a Gender Perspective.” Global Journal of Science Frontier Research Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, 12 (8): 1–9.
  • Olayide, S.O. (1980). Characteristics, Problems and Significance of Small Farmers in Nigeria – Problems and Prospects. In: SO Olayide, JA Eweka , VE Bello – Osagie (Eds.): Nigerian Small Farmers. Ibadan: CARD Publisher, pp. 43- 52.
  • Ogundari, K., & S. O. Ojo. (2007). “Economic Efficiency of Small-Scale Food Crop Production in Nigeria: A Stochastic Frontier Approach.” Journal of Social Science 14 (2): 123–130. https://doi.org/10.1080/09718923.2007.11978363
  • Olukosi, J.O & Erhabor, P.O (2015). Introduction to Farm Management Economics: Principles and Applications. Agitab Publishers Limited, Zaria, Kaduna, Nigeria pp77 – 83.
  • Onu, J. K., Amaza, P.S. and Okunmadewa, F.Y. (2000). ’Determinants of Cotton Production and economic Efficiency’. African Journal of Business and Economic Research, 1: 185 – 208.
  • Onyenweaku, C.E, Igwe K.C & Mbanasor, J.A (2005). Application of Stochastic Frontier production function to the measurement of Technical Efficiency in Yam Production in Nassarawa State, Nigeria. Journal of Sustainable Tropical Research 13: 20-25.
  • Onuche, U., S. O. Ali, & J. T. Isaac (2015). “Technical Efficiency Estimates and the Role of Formal Education: Evidence from Catfish Firms in Ijumu Local Government Area of Kogi State, North Central, Nigeria.” Agrosearch 15 (2): 107–111.
  • Simonyan J.B. & Omolehin R.A. (2012). Analysis of the Impact of Fadama II Project on Beneficiary Farmers Income in Kaduna State: A Double Difference Method Approach. International Journal of Economic and Management Science. 1(11):1-8.
  • World Bank, (2007a). Educator Poverty Report. Washington D.C. Unekwu Onuche & Mojisola Abosede Oladipo (2020): Effect of Farm Level Economic Efficiency on Income Poverty Status of Rural Farm Households in Kogi State, Central Nigeria, African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development, https://doi.org/10.1080/20421338.20201831130
  • West Africa Insight (2010). “Concerning Food Security in Nigeria.
  • World Bank (2007b), Nigeria Agriculture Production World Bank Indicators Washington D.C., World Bank.
  • World Bank (2012) Nigeria: Poverty in the Midst of Plenty. The challenge of Growth with inclusion. A world Bank Poverty Assessment. Population and Human Resource Division West Africa, Department Report No 14733 UNI.
  • Yamane, T (1967). Elementary Sampling Theory, Volume 1: 371 – 390, Englewood Cliff: Prentice

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 4, 853 - 863, 29.12.2023

Olugbenga Omotayo Alabı Nnemeka Ihegwuagu Hassan Isah Adeniyi Abiloro James Simpa Ezekiel Haruna Jeremiah Aluwong

https://doi.org/10.31015/jaefs.2023.4.16

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Adebayo, E.F. (2006). Resource Use Efficiency and Multiple Production Objectives of Dairy Pastoralists in Adamawa state, Nigeria. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Ibadan.
  • Adeboye, O.C., Awokoya J.O., and Oluseyi, E. (2009). Effect of seasonal changes on growth and yield of okra (Abelmoschs esculentus L. Moench). Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, 5(9), 940–943.
  • Ahmed, B. (2015). “Determinants of Household Level Poverty and its Impact on Farm Productive Efficiency: The Case of Eastern Ethiopia.” World Applied Sciences Journal 33 (10): 1631–1643.
  • Alabi, O.O., Oladele, A.O & Oladele, N.O (2020). Economic Market Decisions among Marginal Maize Farmers in Abuja, Nigeria: Applications of Double Hurdle Model and Factor Analysis. Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences, 8(104): 114 – 125. https://doi.org/10.18551/rjoas.2020-08.14
  • Alabi, O.O., Oladele, A.O., & Maharazu, I (2022). Economies of Scale and Technical Efficiency of Smallholder Pepper (Capsicum species) Production in Abuja, Nigeria. Journal of Agricultural Sciences (Belgrade), 67 (1): 63 – 82. https://doi.org/10.2298/JAS2201063A
  • Ali, S., & M. Khan. (2014). “Technical Efficiency of Wheat Production in District Peshawar Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan.” Sarhad Journal of Agriculture 30 (4): 433–441.
  • Amos, T.T. (2007). Analysis of Backyard Poultry Production in Ondo State, Nigeria. International Journal of Poultry Science. 5(3): 247-250, Retrieved December 09, 2012, from http://www.pjbs.org/ijps/fin532.pdf
  • Asogwa, B. C., J. C. Umeh, & V. A. Okwoche (2012). “Poverty and Efficiency among the Farming Households in Nigeria: A Guide for Poverty Reduction Policy.” Current Research Journal of Economic Theory 4 (1): 6–10.
  • Asogwa, B.C., Umeh, J.C., & Penda, S.T (2011). Analysis of Economic Efficiency of Nigerian Small-Scale Farmers: A Parametric Frontier Approach. Journal of Economics, 2(2): 89-98
  • Battese, G. E., & T. J. Coelli. (1995). “A Model for Technical Inefficiency Effect in a Stochastic Frontier Production Function for Panel Data”. Empirical Economics 20 (2): 325–332.
  • Busari Ahmed Olugbenga & Okanlawon Islamiat Nike (2015). Economic Appraisal of Small and Medium Scale Poultry Egg Production in Ife and Ilesha Metropolis, Osun State, Nigeria. Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology. 3(7): 562-565, 2015. Dey, M.M, Paraguas F.J.,Bimbaa, G.B, & Regaspi, P.B (2001). Technical Efficiency of Tilapia Growth and Pond Operations in The Philipines. Journal of Agricultural Economics, Margges 4: 33- 46.
  • Ekunwe P, Alufohai G, &Adolue C (2017). Economic viability of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) production in Ika South and North East Local Government Areas of Delta State, Nigeria. Journal of Tropical Agriculture, Food, Environment and Extension, 17(1):57-62. https://doi.org/10.4314/as.v17i1.8
  • Food and Agriculture Organization (2007). Food and Agricultural organization, Guidelines for measuring households Individual Dietary Diversity. Version, FAO/Nutrition and consumer Protection diversity FAO, Fanta project Rome, Italy.
  • Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2015). The economic lives of smallholder farmers. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. http://www.fao.org/3/i5251e/i5251e.pdf
  • Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2016). Study on Smallscale Family Farming in the Near East and North Africa Region. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. http://www.fao.org/3/i6436e/i6436e.pdf
  • Farinde, A.J., Owolarafe, O.K., & Ogungbemi, O.I. (2007). Assessment of Production, Processing, Marketing and Utilization of okra in Egbedore Local Government Area of Osun State, Nigeria. Journal of Agronomy, 5, 342–349.
  • Folorunso, S.T & Bayo, D (2020). Comparative Analysis of Total Factor Productivity among Potato (Solanum tuberasum) Farmers in Bokkos Local Government Area of Plateau State, Nigeria, FUDMA Journal of Sciences (FJS) ISSN online: 2616-1370 ISSN print: 2645 - 2944 Vol. 4 No. 3, September, 2020, pp 275 – 284 https://doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2020-0403-392
  • Folorunso, S.T., Stephen-Adamu, O.O & Uzochukwu, L.I. (2023). Assessment of Profitability and Solvency of Ginger (Zingibera officinale Roscoe) Production in Kachia Local Government Area, Kaduna state, Nigeria. Journal of Agricultural Economics, Extension & Social Sciences, 5(1), 54 – 61.
  • Folorunso,S., Alabi, R., Stephen-Adamu, O & Onuwa, G (2023). Assessment of the Effect of COVID-19 Lockdown Dietary Diversity among Urban Households in Jos, Plateau state, Nigeria. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Sciences and Technology, 11(4): 823-829.
  • Gelaw, F. (2013). “Inefficiency and Incapability Gaps as Causes of Poverty: A Poverty Line-Augmented Efficiency Analysis Using Stochastic Distance Function.” African Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, African Association of Agricultural Economists 8 (2): 1–45. https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.160627
  • Gashaw, T.A., Gian, N F. & Kindle, G. (2013). Impact of Agricultural Cooperatives on Small Holders‟ Technical Efficiency: Evidence from Ethiopia. European Research Institute on Cooperative and Social Enterprises. EURICSE Working Paper. 2281 – 8235. 1 – 32.
  • Imonikhe, G.A. (2004). Impact of Katsina State Agriculture and Community Development Project on Income and Productivity of Farmers. Unpublished Ph.D Thesis, Department of Agric. Economics & Rural Sociology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria: 59.
  • Kolawole,O. & Ojo, S.O.(2007). Economic Efficiency of Small Scale Food Crop Production in Nigeria: A Stochastic Production Frontier Approach. Journal of Social science. 14(2): 123 – 130.
  • Krishna, K. &, Singh,J. (2018). Production of okra in Meerut district of western Uttar Pradesh. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry,7(4):66-68.
  • Kurwornu E. N. Nyanteng V. K. & Asuming Brempong, S. (2013). The Role of Agriculture in Food Security in Ghana. A paper presented at Roles of Agriculture project. International Conference 19 – 25 July, 2013. Organize by Agricultural Development Economic Division ESA food.
  • Kumar N, Singh S, Sharma M, & Sharma P (2015). An economic analysis of Okra cultivation in Jammu district of J & K State, India. Ecology, Environment and Conservation Journal 21(1):281 283.
  • Kushwaha S, Singh K & Kushwaha R (2018). Okra: A study on cost and profitability analysis in Deoria District of Uttar Pradesh. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry,7(5):153- 156.
  • Tegar, A (2019). Economics of production and marketing of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) in Bilaspur District of Chhattisgarh State of India. Plant Archives 19(1):1017-1022.
  • Ijoyah, M.O.& Dzer, D.M (2012). Yield performance of Okra (Abelmoscus esculentus L. Moench and Maize (Zea mays L.) as affected by Time of Planting in Makurdi, Nigeria. J. Agronom., 1(7).
  • Law-Ogbomo, K.E., Osaigbovo, A.U., & Ewansiha, S.U. (2013). Responses of Okra (Abelmoscus esculentus) to various Periods of Weed Interference in a Humid Tropical Environment. Inter. J. Agric. Rural Dev., 16(1), 1368–1371.
  • National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) (2012). Socio-Economic Survey on Nigeria. First Quarter Report, NBS, Abuja, Nigeria.
  • National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) (2022). Data Base nigeriastat.gov.ng.
  • Nwaru J.C, Onyenweaku C E & Nwosu A.C (2006). Relative Technical Efficiency of credit and Non-credit User Crop Farmers. African Crop Science Journal. 14(3):241-251.
  • Ogundari, K. (2008). “Resource Productivity, Allocative Efficiency and Determinants of Technical Efficiency of Rain-Fed Rice Farmers: a Guide for Food Security Policy in Nigeria.” Agricultural Economics 54 (5): 224–233.
  • Ogundari, K., & S. O. Ojo. (2007). “Economic Efficiency of Small-Scale Food Crop Production in Nigeria: A Stochastic Frontier Approach.” Journal of Social Science 14 (2): 123–130. https://doi.org/10.1080/09718923.2007.11978363
  • National Population Commission (2004). National Policy on Population for Sustainable Development. Abuja, Nigeria.
  • Oladeebo, J. O. (2012). “Technical Efficiency and Rural Poverty among Farmers in Nigeria: a Gender Perspective.” Global Journal of Science Frontier Research Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, 12 (8): 1–9.
  • Olayide, S.O. (1980). Characteristics, Problems and Significance of Small Farmers in Nigeria – Problems and Prospects. In: SO Olayide, JA Eweka , VE Bello – Osagie (Eds.): Nigerian Small Farmers. Ibadan: CARD Publisher, pp. 43- 52.
  • Ogundari, K., & S. O. Ojo. (2007). “Economic Efficiency of Small-Scale Food Crop Production in Nigeria: A Stochastic Frontier Approach.” Journal of Social Science 14 (2): 123–130. https://doi.org/10.1080/09718923.2007.11978363
  • Olukosi, J.O & Erhabor, P.O (2015). Introduction to Farm Management Economics: Principles and Applications. Agitab Publishers Limited, Zaria, Kaduna, Nigeria pp77 – 83.
  • Onu, J. K., Amaza, P.S. and Okunmadewa, F.Y. (2000). ’Determinants of Cotton Production and economic Efficiency’. African Journal of Business and Economic Research, 1: 185 – 208.
  • Onyenweaku, C.E, Igwe K.C & Mbanasor, J.A (2005). Application of Stochastic Frontier production function to the measurement of Technical Efficiency in Yam Production in Nassarawa State, Nigeria. Journal of Sustainable Tropical Research 13: 20-25.
  • Onuche, U., S. O. Ali, & J. T. Isaac (2015). “Technical Efficiency Estimates and the Role of Formal Education: Evidence from Catfish Firms in Ijumu Local Government Area of Kogi State, North Central, Nigeria.” Agrosearch 15 (2): 107–111.
  • Simonyan J.B. & Omolehin R.A. (2012). Analysis of the Impact of Fadama II Project on Beneficiary Farmers Income in Kaduna State: A Double Difference Method Approach. International Journal of Economic and Management Science. 1(11):1-8.
  • World Bank, (2007a). Educator Poverty Report. Washington D.C. Unekwu Onuche & Mojisola Abosede Oladipo (2020): Effect of Farm Level Economic Efficiency on Income Poverty Status of Rural Farm Households in Kogi State, Central Nigeria, African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development, https://doi.org/10.1080/20421338.20201831130
  • West Africa Insight (2010). “Concerning Food Security in Nigeria.
  • World Bank (2007b), Nigeria Agriculture Production World Bank Indicators Washington D.C., World Bank.
  • World Bank (2012) Nigeria: Poverty in the Midst of Plenty. The challenge of Growth with inclusion. A world Bank Poverty Assessment. Population and Human Resource Division West Africa, Department Report No 14733 UNI.
  • Yamane, T (1967). Elementary Sampling Theory, Volume 1: 371 – 390, Englewood Cliff: Prentice
Toplam 49 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Çiftlik İşletmeleri, Sürdürülebilir Tarımsal Kalkınma, Tarım Politikaları, Tarım Ekonomisi (Diğer)
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Olugbenga Omotayo Alabı 0000-0002-8390-9775

Nnemeka Ihegwuagu 0000-0003-4276-0916

Hassan Isah 0009-0007-8681-664X

Adeniyi Abiloro 0009-0003-3066-3454

James Simpa 0009-0005-2948-1930

Ezekiel Haruna 0000-0002-2680-1346

Jeremiah Aluwong 0000-0001-8462-538X

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Aralık 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 13 Eylül 2023
Kabul Tarihi 4 Ekim 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Alabı, O. O., Ihegwuagu, N., Isah, H., Abiloro, A., vd. (2023). Economic efficiency of smallholder okra (Abelmoschus species) production in Kaduna State, Nigeria: Implication for poverty alleviation. International Journal of Agriculture Environment and Food Sciences, 7(4), 853-863. https://doi.org/10.31015/jaefs.2023.4.16
AMA Alabı OO, Ihegwuagu N, Isah H, Abiloro A, Simpa J, Haruna E, Aluwong J. Economic efficiency of smallholder okra (Abelmoschus species) production in Kaduna State, Nigeria: Implication for poverty alleviation. int. j. agric. environ. food sci. Aralık 2023;7(4):853-863. doi:10.31015/jaefs.2023.4.16
Chicago Alabı, Olugbenga Omotayo, Nnemeka Ihegwuagu, Hassan Isah, Adeniyi Abiloro, James Simpa, Ezekiel Haruna, ve Jeremiah Aluwong. “Economic Efficiency of Smallholder Okra (Abelmoschus Species) Production in Kaduna State, Nigeria: Implication for Poverty Alleviation”. International Journal of Agriculture Environment and Food Sciences 7, sy. 4 (Aralık 2023): 853-63. https://doi.org/10.31015/jaefs.2023.4.16.
EndNote Alabı OO, Ihegwuagu N, Isah H, Abiloro A, Simpa J, Haruna E, Aluwong J (01 Aralık 2023) Economic efficiency of smallholder okra (Abelmoschus species) production in Kaduna State, Nigeria: Implication for poverty alleviation. International Journal of Agriculture Environment and Food Sciences 7 4 853–863.
IEEE O. O. Alabı, “Economic efficiency of smallholder okra (Abelmoschus species) production in Kaduna State, Nigeria: Implication for poverty alleviation”, int. j. agric. environ. food sci., c. 7, sy. 4, ss. 853–863, 2023, doi: 10.31015/jaefs.2023.4.16.
ISNAD Alabı, Olugbenga Omotayo vd. “Economic Efficiency of Smallholder Okra (Abelmoschus Species) Production in Kaduna State, Nigeria: Implication for Poverty Alleviation”. International Journal of Agriculture Environment and Food Sciences 7/4 (Aralık 2023), 853-863. https://doi.org/10.31015/jaefs.2023.4.16.
JAMA Alabı OO, Ihegwuagu N, Isah H, Abiloro A, Simpa J, Haruna E, Aluwong J. Economic efficiency of smallholder okra (Abelmoschus species) production in Kaduna State, Nigeria: Implication for poverty alleviation. int. j. agric. environ. food sci. 2023;7:853–863.
MLA Alabı, Olugbenga Omotayo vd. “Economic Efficiency of Smallholder Okra (Abelmoschus Species) Production in Kaduna State, Nigeria: Implication for Poverty Alleviation”. International Journal of Agriculture Environment and Food Sciences, c. 7, sy. 4, 2023, ss. 853-6, doi:10.31015/jaefs.2023.4.16.
Vancouver Alabı OO, Ihegwuagu N, Isah H, Abiloro A, Simpa J, Haruna E, Aluwong J. Economic efficiency of smallholder okra (Abelmoschus species) production in Kaduna State, Nigeria: Implication for poverty alleviation. int. j. agric. environ. food sci. 2023;7(4):853-6.
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International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Food Sciences dergisinin içeriği, Creative Commons Alıntı-GayriTicari (CC BY-NC) 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı ile yayınlanmaktadır. Söz konusu telif, üçüncü tarafların içeriği uygun şekilde atıf vermek koşuluyla, ticari olmayan amaçlarla paylaşımına ve uyarlamasına izin vermektedir. Yazarlar, International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Food Sciences dergisinde yayınlanmış çalışmalarının telif hakkını elinde tutar. 

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