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Review of an up-to-date, emphatic, and concise perspective on e-cigarettes

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1, 31 - 43, 30.04.2024

Saniye Özcan Egemen Güvenç Öğüt Serkan Levent Nafiz Öncü Can

https://doi.org/10.55971/EJLS.1368313

Öz

Electronic cigarettes entered the market in 2007 as an alternative to conventional tobacco products, and their use has increased significantly worldwide. Due to the emergence of various harmful effects and attracting attention, their sale was banned in our country and many other countries. However, according to the research, the use of e-cigarettes is increasing rapidly in the world and in Türkiye, and the rate of use at young ages is quite high especially. Its supply can be easily made through online sales on many websites. Despite this growing popularity, little is known about the potential effects of e-cigarettes on human health. This is particularly important in the presence of flavoring compounds, solvents, additives, and other ingredients that are added intentionally or unintentionally and whose long-term effects are uncertain. This is because every day a new product with new ingredients, flavors, and properties is introduced to the market. Previous studies have focused on measuring known toxicants, particularly those found in traditional cigarettes, while fewer have investigated unknown compounds and transformation products formed during the e-cigarette process in these diverse and ever-evolving products. It seems that the e-cigarette market is growing and developing rapidly in our country, as in the whole world, and product sales continue to increase despite all kinds of bans. However, when we look at the literature, the research conducted is insufficient, as mentioned above, and there are points that need to be further emphasized.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Analysis of e-cigarette E-cigarette e-cigarette compounds e-cigarette laws

Kaynakça

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  • Bertholon JF, Becquemin MH, Annesi-Maesano I, Dautzenberg B. Electronic cigarettes: a short review. Respiration. (2013);86(5):433-8. https://doi.org/10.1159/000353253
  • Hutzler C, Paschke M, Kruschinski S, Henkler F, Hahn J, Luch A. Chemical hazards present in liquids and vapors of electronic cigarettes. Arch Toxicol. (2014);88(7):1295-308. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-014-1294-7
  • Gordon T, Karey E, Rebuli ME, Escobar YH, Jaspers I, Chen LC. E-Cigarette Toxicology. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. (2022);62:301-22. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-042921-084202
  • Prochaska JJ, Vogel EA, Benowitz N. Nicotine delivery and cigarette equivalents from vaping a JUULpod. Tob Control. (2022);31(e1):e88-e93. https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2020-056367
  • Mendez D, Warner KE. A Magic Bullet? The potential impact of e-cigarettes on the toll of cigarette smoking. Nicotine Tob Res. (2021);23(4):654-61. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntaa160
  • Patil S, Arakeri G, Patil S, Ali Baeshen H, Raj T, Sarode SC, et al. Are electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDs) helping cigarette smokers quit?-Current evidence. J Oral Pathol Med. (2020);49(3):181-9. https://doi.org/10.1111/jop.12966
  • Vickerman KA, Carpenter KM, Raskob MK, Nash CM, Vargas-Belcher RA, Beebe LA. Vaping and e-cigarettes within the evolving tobacco quitline landscape. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. (2021);60(3):S142-S53.
  • Wang TW, Neff LJ, Park-Lee E, Ren C, Cullen KA, King BA. E-cigarette use among middle and high school students - United States, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. (2020);69(37):1310-2. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6937e1
  • National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. New report one of the most comprehensive studies on health effects of e-cigarettes: finds that using e-cigarettes may lead youth to start smoking, adults to stop smoking—ScienceDaily. Available from: https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/e-cigarette-vaping-market
  • Talking to youth and young adults to prevent e-cigarette use. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/features/back-to-school/index.html
  • Brożek GM, Jankowski M, Lawson JA, Shpakou A, Poznański M, Zielonka TM, et al. The prevalence of cigarette and e-cigarette smoking among students in Central and Eastern Europe—results of the YUPESS study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. (2019);16(13):2297.
  • Mehra VM, Keethakumar A, Bohr YM, Abdullah P, Tamim H. The association between alcohol, marijuana, illegal drug use and current use of E-cigarette among youth and young adults in Canada: results from Canadian Tobacco, Alcohol and Drugs Survey 2017. BMC Public Health. (2019);19(1):1208. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7546-y
  • Dai L, He Y, Tan Y, Yu Z, Zhu J. Online e-cigarette information exposure and its association with e-cigarette use among adolescents in Shanghai, China. Int J Environ Res Public Health. (2022);19(6):3329. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063329
  • Jerzynski T, Stimson GV, Shapiro H, Krol G. Estimation of the global number of e-cigarette users in 2020. Harm Reduct J. (2021);18(1):109. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-021-00556-7
  • Öztaş D. Üniversite Öğrencilerinin e-sigara kullanım düzeyleri ve e-sigara kullanımına ilişkin görüşleri. 2020.
  • Atlam D, Kaylı DS, Yararbas G. Elektronik sigara kullanımına yönelik tutum ve kullanım özellikleri: İzmir örneklemi. Bağımlılık Dergisi. (2020);21(4):297-307.
  • GYTR (KGTA-2017). Ministry of health public health general directorate for combating. In: Abuse DoTaS, editor.: Ankara: General Directorate of Public Health; 2017.
  • Kurtuluş Ş, Can R. Use of e-cigarettes and tobacco products among youth in Turkey. Euras J Med. (2022);54(2):127.
  • Behar RZ, Luo W, McWhirter KJ, Pankow JF, Talbot P. Analytical and toxicological evaluation of flavor chemicals in electronic cigarette refill fluids. Sci Rep. (2018);8(1):8288. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-25575-6
  • Dagla I, Gikas E, Tsarbopoulos A. Two fast GC-MS methods for the measurement of nicotine, propylene glycol, vegetable glycol, ethylmaltol, diacetyl, and acetylpropionyl in refill liquids for e-cigarettes. Molecules. (2023);28(4):1902. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28041902
  • Klager S, Vallarino J, MacNaughton P, Christiani DC, Lu Q, Allen JG. Flavoring chemicals and aldehydes in e-cigarette emissions. Environ Sci Technol. (2017);51(18):10806-13. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b02205
  • Ahmad S, Sassano MF, Tarran R. Loose ENDs: Electronic nicotine delivery systems and the FDA’s recent enforcement policy. Eur Med J Respir. (2020);8(1):93-6.
  • Wasowicz A, Feleszko W, Goniewicz ML. E-Cigarette use among children and young people: the need for regulation. Taylor & Francis; 2015. p. 507-9.
  • Greene RM, Pisano MM. Developmental toxicity of e-cigarette aerosols. Birth Defects Res. (2019);111(17):1294-301. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdr2.1571
  • Son Y, Giovenco DP, Delnevo C, Khlystov A, Samburova V, Meng Q. Indoor air quality and passive e-cigarette aerosol exposures in vape-shops. Nicotine Tob Res. (2020);22(10):1772-9. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntaa094
  • Shearston J, Lee L, Eazor J, Meherally S, Park SH, Vilcassim MR, et al. Effects of exposure to direct and secondhand hookah and e-cigarette aerosols on ambient air quality and cardiopulmonary health in adults and children: protocol for a panel study. BMJ Open. (2019);9(6):e029490. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029490
  • Lyu JC, Huang P, Jiang N, Ling PM. A systematic review of e-cigarette marketing communication: messages, communication channels, and strategies. Int J Environ Res Public Health. (2022);19(15):9263. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159263
  • Vassey J, Valente T, Barker J, Stanton C, Li D, Laestadius L, et al. E-cigarette brands and social media influencers on Instagram: a social network analysis. Tob Control. (2023);32:e184-e191. https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2021-057053
  • Lee J, Suttiratana SC, Sen I, Kong G. E-Cigarette marketing on social media: a scoping review. Current Addiction Reports. (2023);10(1):29-37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-022-00463-2
  • Owotomo O, Walley S. The youth e-cigarette epidemic: updates and review of devices, epidemiology and regulation. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care. (2022);52(6):101200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cppeds.2022.101200
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Yıl 2024, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1, 31 - 43, 30.04.2024

Saniye Özcan Egemen Güvenç Öğüt Serkan Levent Nafiz Öncü Can

https://doi.org/10.55971/EJLS.1368313

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Gilbert HA. Smokeless non-tobacco cigarette. Google Patents; 1965.
  • Marques P, Piqueras L, Sanz MJ. An updated overview of e-cigarette impact on human health. Respir Res. (2021);22(1):151. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12931-021-01737-5
  • Bertholon JF, Becquemin MH, Annesi-Maesano I, Dautzenberg B. Electronic cigarettes: a short review. Respiration. (2013);86(5):433-8. https://doi.org/10.1159/000353253
  • Hutzler C, Paschke M, Kruschinski S, Henkler F, Hahn J, Luch A. Chemical hazards present in liquids and vapors of electronic cigarettes. Arch Toxicol. (2014);88(7):1295-308. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-014-1294-7
  • Gordon T, Karey E, Rebuli ME, Escobar YH, Jaspers I, Chen LC. E-Cigarette Toxicology. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. (2022);62:301-22. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-042921-084202
  • Prochaska JJ, Vogel EA, Benowitz N. Nicotine delivery and cigarette equivalents from vaping a JUULpod. Tob Control. (2022);31(e1):e88-e93. https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2020-056367
  • Mendez D, Warner KE. A Magic Bullet? The potential impact of e-cigarettes on the toll of cigarette smoking. Nicotine Tob Res. (2021);23(4):654-61. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntaa160
  • Patil S, Arakeri G, Patil S, Ali Baeshen H, Raj T, Sarode SC, et al. Are electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDs) helping cigarette smokers quit?-Current evidence. J Oral Pathol Med. (2020);49(3):181-9. https://doi.org/10.1111/jop.12966
  • Vickerman KA, Carpenter KM, Raskob MK, Nash CM, Vargas-Belcher RA, Beebe LA. Vaping and e-cigarettes within the evolving tobacco quitline landscape. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. (2021);60(3):S142-S53.
  • Wang TW, Neff LJ, Park-Lee E, Ren C, Cullen KA, King BA. E-cigarette use among middle and high school students - United States, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. (2020);69(37):1310-2. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6937e1
  • National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. New report one of the most comprehensive studies on health effects of e-cigarettes: finds that using e-cigarettes may lead youth to start smoking, adults to stop smoking—ScienceDaily. Available from: https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/e-cigarette-vaping-market
  • Talking to youth and young adults to prevent e-cigarette use. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/features/back-to-school/index.html
  • Brożek GM, Jankowski M, Lawson JA, Shpakou A, Poznański M, Zielonka TM, et al. The prevalence of cigarette and e-cigarette smoking among students in Central and Eastern Europe—results of the YUPESS study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. (2019);16(13):2297.
  • Mehra VM, Keethakumar A, Bohr YM, Abdullah P, Tamim H. The association between alcohol, marijuana, illegal drug use and current use of E-cigarette among youth and young adults in Canada: results from Canadian Tobacco, Alcohol and Drugs Survey 2017. BMC Public Health. (2019);19(1):1208. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7546-y
  • Dai L, He Y, Tan Y, Yu Z, Zhu J. Online e-cigarette information exposure and its association with e-cigarette use among adolescents in Shanghai, China. Int J Environ Res Public Health. (2022);19(6):3329. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063329
  • Jerzynski T, Stimson GV, Shapiro H, Krol G. Estimation of the global number of e-cigarette users in 2020. Harm Reduct J. (2021);18(1):109. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-021-00556-7
  • Öztaş D. Üniversite Öğrencilerinin e-sigara kullanım düzeyleri ve e-sigara kullanımına ilişkin görüşleri. 2020.
  • Atlam D, Kaylı DS, Yararbas G. Elektronik sigara kullanımına yönelik tutum ve kullanım özellikleri: İzmir örneklemi. Bağımlılık Dergisi. (2020);21(4):297-307.
  • GYTR (KGTA-2017). Ministry of health public health general directorate for combating. In: Abuse DoTaS, editor.: Ankara: General Directorate of Public Health; 2017.
  • Kurtuluş Ş, Can R. Use of e-cigarettes and tobacco products among youth in Turkey. Euras J Med. (2022);54(2):127.
  • Behar RZ, Luo W, McWhirter KJ, Pankow JF, Talbot P. Analytical and toxicological evaluation of flavor chemicals in electronic cigarette refill fluids. Sci Rep. (2018);8(1):8288. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-25575-6
  • Dagla I, Gikas E, Tsarbopoulos A. Two fast GC-MS methods for the measurement of nicotine, propylene glycol, vegetable glycol, ethylmaltol, diacetyl, and acetylpropionyl in refill liquids for e-cigarettes. Molecules. (2023);28(4):1902. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28041902
  • Klager S, Vallarino J, MacNaughton P, Christiani DC, Lu Q, Allen JG. Flavoring chemicals and aldehydes in e-cigarette emissions. Environ Sci Technol. (2017);51(18):10806-13. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b02205
  • Ahmad S, Sassano MF, Tarran R. Loose ENDs: Electronic nicotine delivery systems and the FDA’s recent enforcement policy. Eur Med J Respir. (2020);8(1):93-6.
  • Wasowicz A, Feleszko W, Goniewicz ML. E-Cigarette use among children and young people: the need for regulation. Taylor & Francis; 2015. p. 507-9.
  • Greene RM, Pisano MM. Developmental toxicity of e-cigarette aerosols. Birth Defects Res. (2019);111(17):1294-301. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdr2.1571
  • Son Y, Giovenco DP, Delnevo C, Khlystov A, Samburova V, Meng Q. Indoor air quality and passive e-cigarette aerosol exposures in vape-shops. Nicotine Tob Res. (2020);22(10):1772-9. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntaa094
  • Shearston J, Lee L, Eazor J, Meherally S, Park SH, Vilcassim MR, et al. Effects of exposure to direct and secondhand hookah and e-cigarette aerosols on ambient air quality and cardiopulmonary health in adults and children: protocol for a panel study. BMJ Open. (2019);9(6):e029490. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029490
  • Lyu JC, Huang P, Jiang N, Ling PM. A systematic review of e-cigarette marketing communication: messages, communication channels, and strategies. Int J Environ Res Public Health. (2022);19(15):9263. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159263
  • Vassey J, Valente T, Barker J, Stanton C, Li D, Laestadius L, et al. E-cigarette brands and social media influencers on Instagram: a social network analysis. Tob Control. (2023);32:e184-e191. https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2021-057053
  • Lee J, Suttiratana SC, Sen I, Kong G. E-Cigarette marketing on social media: a scoping review. Current Addiction Reports. (2023);10(1):29-37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-022-00463-2
  • Owotomo O, Walley S. The youth e-cigarette epidemic: updates and review of devices, epidemiology and regulation. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care. (2022);52(6):101200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cppeds.2022.101200
  • Harmful and potentially harmful constituents in tobacco products and tobacco smoke: established list under the U.S Food and Drug Administration Available from: https://www.fda.gov/tobacco-products/products-ingredients-components/harmful-and-potentially-harmful-constituents-hphcs
  • Reporting harmful and potentially harmful constituents in tobacco products and tobacco smoke under section 904(a)(3) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/reporting-harmful-and-potentially-harmful-constituents-tobacco-products-and-tobacco-smoke-under
  • Miller-Holt J, Behrsing HP, Clippinger AJ, Hirn C, Stedeford TJ, Stucki AO. Use of new approach methodologies (NAMs) to meet regulatory requirements for the assessment of tobacco and other nicotine-containing products. Front Toxicol. (2022);4:943358. https://doi.org/10.3389/ftox.2022.943358
  • Cooper J, Allen C, Cojocariu C, Runcorn U, Earby U. Comprehensive chemical characterization of e-cigarette liquids using high-resolution Orbitrap GC-MS. Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. (2019).
  • Bals R, Boyd J, Esposito S, Foronjy R, Hiemstra PS, Jimenez-Ruiz CA, et al. Electronic cigarettes: a task force report from the European Respiratory Society. Eur Respir J. (2019);53(2). https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01151-2018
  • Svirsky L, Howard D, Berman ML. E-Cigarettes and the multiple responsibilities of the FDA. Am J Bioeth. (2022);22(10):5-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2021.1907478
  • Cao DJ, Aldy K, Hsu S, McGetrick M, Verbeck G, De Silva I, et al. Review of health consequences of electronic cigarettes and the outbreak of electronic cigarette, or vaping, product use-associated lung injury. J Med Toxicol. (2020);16(3):295-310. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13181-020-00772-w
  • Kennedy RD, Awopegba A, De Leon E, Cohen JE. Global approaches to regulating electronic cigarettes. Tob Control. (2017);26(4):440-5. https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053179
  • Jun J, Kim JKJTC. Do state regulations on e-cigarettes have impacts on the e-cigarette prevalence? (2021);30(2):221-6.
  • Nedelman M. San Francisco passes ban on e-cigarette sales, a US First. CNN; 2019.
  • Organization WH. Tobacco, Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS). Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tobacco
  • Layden JE, Ghinai I, Pray I, Kimball A, Layer M, Tenforde MW, et al. Pulmonary illness related to e-cigarette use in Illinois and Wisconsin - Final Report. N Engl J Med. (2020);382(10):903-16. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1911614
  • Center for Diseaes Control and Prevention. CDC, FDA, states continue to investigate severe pulmonary disease among people who use e-cigarettes. 2019.
  • Center for Diseaes Control and Prevention. Smoking & tobacco use. Outbreak of lung injury associated with e-cigarette use, or vaping. 2019. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/basic_information/e-cigarettes/severe-lung-disease/need-to-know/index.html
  • Caporale A, Langham MC, Guo W, Johncola A, Chatterjee S, Wehrli FW. Acute effects of electronic cigarette aerosol inhalation on vascular function detected at quantitative MRI. Radiology. (2019);293(1):97-106. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2019190562
  • Wei B, Goniewicz M, O’Connor RJ. Concurrent quantification of emerging chemicals of health concern in e-cigarette liquids by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. ACS Omega. (2019);4(13):15364-72. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.9b01255
  • Bitzer ZT, Goel R, Reilly SM, Bhangu G, Trushin N, Foulds J, et al. Emissions of free radicals, carbonyls, and nicotine from the NIDA standardized research electronic cigarette and comparison to similar commercial devices. Chem Res Toxicol. (2019);32(1):130-8. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00235
  • Gillman IG, Kistler KA, Stewart EW, Paolantonio AR. Effect of variable power levels on the yield of total aerosol mass and formation of aldehydes in e-cigarette aerosols. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. (2016);75:58-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.12.019
  • Uchiyama S, Ohta K, Inaba Y, Kunugita N. Determination of carbonyl compounds generated from the E-cigarette using coupled silica cartridges impregnated with hydroquinone and 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, followed by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Anal Sci. (2013);29(12):1219-22. https://doi.org/10.2116/analsci.29.1219
  • Uchiyama S, Senoo Y, Hayashida H, Inaba Y, Nakagome H, Kunugita N. Determination of chemical compounds generated from second-generation e-cigarettes using a sorbent cartridge followed by a two-step elution method. Anal Sci. (2016);32(5):549-55. https://doi.org/10.2116/analsci.32.549
  • Bansal V, Kim KH. Review on quantitation methods for hazardous pollutants released by e-cigarette (EC) smoking. Trac-Trends in Analytical Chemistry. (2016);78:120-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2016.02.015
  • Margham J, McAdam K, Forster M, Liu C, Wright C, Mariner D, et al. Chemical composition of aerosol from an e-cigarette: a quantitative comparison with cigarette smoke. Chem Res Toxicol. (2016);29(10):1662-78. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00188
  • Lu L, Xiang M, Lu H, Tian Z, Gao Y. Progress in quantification of nicotine content and form distribution in electronic cigarette liquids and aerosols. Anal Methods. (2022);14(4):359-77. https://doi.org/10.1039/d1ay01679b
  • Salamanca JC, Meehan-Atrash J, Vreeke S, Escobedo JO, Peyton DH, Strongin RM. E-cigarettes can emit formaldehyde at high levels under conditions that have been reported to be non-averse to users. Sci Rep. (2018);8(1):7559. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-25907-6
  • Jensen RP, Strongin RM, Peyton DH. Solvent chemistry in the electronic cigarette reaction vessel. Sci Rep. (2017);7(1):42549. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep42549
  • Tierney PA, Karpinski CD, Brown JE, Luo W, Pankow JF. Flavour chemicals in electronic cigarette fluids. Tob Control. (2016);25(e1):e10-5. https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-052175
  • Rawlinson C, Martin S, Frosina J, Wright C. Chemical characterisation of aerosols emitted by electronic cigarettes using Thermal Desorption-Gas Chromatography-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry. J Chromatogr A. (2017);1497:144-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2017.02.050
  • Herrington JS, Myers C. Electronic cigarette solutions and resultant aerosol profiles. J Chromatogr A. (2015);1418:192-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2015.09.034
  • Takakuwa KM, Schears RM. The emergency department care of the cannabis and synthetic cannabinoid patient: a narrative review. Int J Emerg Med. (2021);14(1):10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12245-021-00330-3
  • Kim M, An S, Kim J, Jung H. Determination of cannabinoids in illegal e-cigarette fluids in Korea by LC-MS/MS. Toxicologie Analytique et Clinique. (2022);34(3):S129.
  • Barhdadi S, Courselle P, Deconinck E, Vanhee C. The analysis of cannabinoids in e-cigarette liquids using LC-HRAM-MS and LC-UV. J Pharm Biomed Anal. (2023);230:115394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115394
  • Choi H, Kim S, Jang H, Kim HJ, Choe S. Identification of a novel bromoindazole synthetic cannabinoid analogue in seized e-cigarette liquid: ADB-BRINACA. Forensic Sci Int. (2022);338:111385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2022.111385
  • Talih S, Salman R, El-Hage R, Karam E, Karaoghlanian N, El-Hellani A, et al. Characteristics and toxicant emissions of JUUL electronic cigarettes. Tob Control. (2019);28(6):678-80. https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054616
  • Kavvalakis MP, Stivaktakis PD, Tzatzarakis MN, Kouretas D, Liesivuori J, Alegakis AK, et al. Multicomponent analysis of replacement liquids of electronic cigarettes using chromatographic techniques. J Anal Toxicol. (2015);39(4):262-9. https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkv002
  • Tehrani MW, Newmeyer MN, Rule AM, Prasse CJCrit. Characterizing the chemical landscape in commercial e-cigarette liquids and aerosols by Liquid Chromatography–High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. (2021);34(10):2216-26.
Toplam 67 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Eczacılık ve İlaç Bilimleri (Diğer)
Bölüm Reviews
Yazarlar

Saniye Özcan 0000-0002-5492-0457

Egemen Güvenç Öğüt 0009-0007-6708-1166

Serkan Levent 0000-0003-3692-163X

Nafiz Öncü Can 0000-0003-0280-518X

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Nisan 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 29 Eylül 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver Özcan S, Öğüt EG, Levent S, Can NÖ. Review of an up-to-date, emphatic, and concise perspective on e-cigarettes. Eur J Life Sci. 2024;3(1):31-43.
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