Derleme
Yıl 2023,
Cilt: 12 Sayı: 1, 87 - 98, 30.06.2023
Öz
Mikotoksinler özellikle Aspergillus, Penicillium ve Fusarium cinsi mantarlar tarafından sentezlenen düşük moleküler ağırlığa sahip ikincil metabolitlerdir. Tarımsal açıdan önemli kabul edilen mikotoksinler; aflatoksinler, okratoksin A, fumonisinler, deoksinivalenol ve zearalenondur. Bu toksinler gıdalarda yaygın olarak bulunmaları, sağlık üzerine olumsuz etkileri ve gıda zinciri boyunca ekonomik kayıplara yol açmaları nedeniyle önem taşımaktadır. Moleküler yapıları çok çeşitli olan mikotoksinlerin insan ve hayvan sağlığı üzerine etkileri de değişkenlik göstermektedir. Toksisitelerine göre immün sistemi baskılayıcı, karsinojenik, teratojenik ya da mutajenik olarak sınıflandırılmaktadırlar. Farklı mikotoksinler hormonal sistemleri bozabilir, organlara zarar verebilir, immün sistemi baskılayabilir ya da kansere neden olabilir. Birçok ülkede tüketicileri korumak, gıda güvenliğini sağlamak ve mikotoksinlere maruziyeti mümkün olan en düşük seviyede tutabilmek amacıyla gıdalarda bulunabilecek mikotoksinler için limitler belirlenmiştir. Dünya çapında mikotoksinlere yönelik düzenlemeler yapan ülkelerin sayısında zamanla artış görülmüştür. Ayrıca resmi numune alım prosedürlerine ve uygulanan analitik metotlara önem verilerek daha yeni ve geniş kapsamlı yönetmelikler yürürlüğe girmiştir. Bu derlemede mikotoksinlerin insan ve hayvan sağlığı üzerine olumsuz etkilerinin incelenmesinin yanı sıra Türkiye ve Avrupa Birliği ülkelerinde mikotoksinlerin bazı gıdalarda bulunmasına izin verilen en yüksek limit değerlerinin karşılaştırılması amaçlanmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Destekleyen Kurum
Yoktur.
Teşekkür
Yoktur.
Kaynakça
- Abd-Elsalam, K. A., & Rai, M. (2020). An introduction to nanomycotoxicology. In M. Rai & K. A. Abd-Elsalam (Eds.), Nanomycotoxicology (pp. 1-7): Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-817998-7.00001-X
- Abouzied, M., Horvath, A., Podlesny, P., Regina, N., Metodiev, V., Kamenova-Tozeva, R., Niagolova N., Stein A., Petropoulus E., Ganev, V. (2002). Ochratoxin A concentrations in food and feed from a region with Balkan Endemic Nephropathy. Food Additives & Contaminants, 19(8), 755-764. https://doi.org/10.1080/02652030210145036
- Adeyeye, S. A. O. (2016). Fungal mycotoxins in foods: A review. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 2(1), 1213127. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2016.1213127
- Afsah-Hejri, L., Hajeb, P., & Ehsani, R. J. (2020). Application of ozone for degradation of mycotoxins in food: A review. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 19(4), 1777-1808. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12594
- Afsah-Hejri, L., Jinap, S., Hajeb, P., Radu, S., & Shakibazadeh, S. (2013). A Review on Mycotoxins in Food and Feed: Malaysia Case Study. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 12(6), 629-651. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12029
- Agriopoulou, S., Stamatelopoulou, E., & Varzakas, T. (2020). Advances in Occurrence, Importance, and Mycotoxin Control Strategies: Prevention and Detoxification in Foods. Foods (Basel, Switzerland), 9(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9020137
- Armendáriz, C. R., Fernández, Á. J. G., Gironés, M. C. L. R., & de la Torre, A. H. (2014). Mycotoxins. In P. Wexler (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Toxicology (3rd ed., pp. 424-427). Oxford: Academic Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-386454-3.00519-4
- Bennett, J. W., & Klich, M. (2003). Mycotoxins. Clin Microbiol Rev, 16(3), 497-516. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.16.3.497-516.2003
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2004). Outbreak of Aflatoxin Poisoning - Eastern and Central Provinces, Kenya, January-July 2004. MMWR, 53(34), 790-793. PMID: 15343146
- Chen, C., Frank, K., Wang, T., & Wu, F. (2021). Global wheat trade and Codex Alimentarius guidelines for deoxynivalenol: A mycotoxin common in wheat. Global Food Security, 29, 100538. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2021.100538
- Coppock, R., Christian, R., & Jacobsen, B. (2018). Aflatoxins Veterinary Toxicology: Basic and Clinical Principles (3rd ed., pp. 983-994). https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-811410-0.00069-6
- Daou, R., Joubrane, K., Maroun, R. G., Khabbaz, L. R., Ismail, A., & Khoury, A. E. (2021). Mycotoxins: Factors influencing production and control strategies. AIMS Agriculture and Food, 6(1), 416-447. https://doi.org/10.3934/agrfood.2021025
- Europian Commission. Commission Regulation (EC) No:1881/2006 of 19 September 2006 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A02006R1881-20220101 erişim tarihi: 13 Mart 2022
- Fletcher, M. T., & Blaney, B. J. (2016). Mycotoxins. In C. Wrigley, H. Corke, K. Seetharaman & J. Faubion (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Food Grains (2nd ed., pp. 290-296). Oxford: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-394437-5.00112-1
- González-Peñas, E. (2022). Mycotoxins: Classification, Occurrence and Determination☆. In P. L. H. McSweeney & J. P. McNamara (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences (3rd ed., pp. 586-592). Oxford: Academic Press.
- Holanda, D. M., & Kim, S. W. (2021). Mycotoxin occurrence, toxicity, and detoxifying agents in pig production with an emphasis on deoxynivalenol. Toxins, 13(2), 171. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13020171
- Iqbal, S. Z. (2021). Mycotoxins in food, recent development in food analysis and future challenges; a review. Current Opinion in Food Science, 42, 237-247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cofs.2021.07.003
- Krishnamachari, K. A. V. R., Nagarajan, V., Bhat, R., & Tilak, T. B. G. (1975). Hepatitis due to aflatoxicosis: An Outbreak in Western India. The Lancet, 305(7915), 1061-1063. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(75)91829-2
- Narváez, A., Castaldo, L., Izzo, L., Pallarés, N., Rodríguez-Carrasco, Y., & Ritieni, A. (2022). Deoxynivalenol contamination in cereal-based foodstuffs from Spain: Systematic review and meta-analysis approach for exposure assessment. Food Control, 132, 108521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108521
- Palli, D., Miraglia, M., Saieva, C., Masala, G., Cava, E., Colatosti, M., Corsi A., Russo A., Brera, C. (1999). Serum levels of ochratoxin A in healthy adults in Tuscany: correlation with individual characteristics and between repeat measurements. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Biomarker , 8(3), 265- 269. PMID:10090305
- Pitt, J. I. (2013). Mycotoxins. In J. G. Morris & M. E. Potter (Eds.), Foodborne Infections and Intoxications (4th ed., pp. 409-418). San Diego: Academic Press.
- Reddy, L., & Bhoola, K. (2010). Ochratoxins-food contaminants: impact on human health. Toxins, 2(4), 771-779. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins2040771
- Ropejko, K., & Twarużek, M. (2021). Zearalenone and Its Metabolites—General Overview, Occurrence, and Toxicity. Toxins, 13(1), 35. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13010035
- Singh, S., Kumar, V., Dhanjal, D. S., Dhaka, V., Sonali, & Singh, J. (2021). Mycotoxin metabolites of fungi. In J. Singh & P. Gehlot (Eds.), New and Future Developments in Microbial Biotechnology and Bioengineering (pp. 253-265): Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821005-5.00019-3
- Stein, R. A., & Bulboacӑ, A. E. (2017). Mycotoxins. In C. E. R. Dodd, T. Aldsworth, R. A. Stein, D. O. Cliver & H. P. Riemann (Eds.), Foodborne Diseases (3rd., pp. 407-446): Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-385007-2.00021-8
- The International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC Monographs on The Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans. https://monographs.iarc.who.int/list-of-classifications/ erişim tarihi: 13 Mart 2022
- Throckmorton K, I. N., Ghannoum MA, Keller N. (2015). Mycotoxins Manual of Clinical Microbiology (pp. 2188-2195). https://doi.org/10.1128/9781555817381.ch126
- Tolosa, J., Rodríguez-Carrasco, Y., Ruiz, M. J., & Vila-Donat, P. (2021). Multi-mycotoxin occurrence in feed, metabolism and carry-over to animal-derived food products: A review. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 158, 112661. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2021.112661
- Tomaszewski, J., Miturski, R., Semczuk, A., Kotarski, J., & Jakowicki, J. (1998). Tissue zearalenone concentration in normal, hyperplastic and neoplastic human endometrium. Ginekologia polska, 69(5), 363-366. PMID:9695344
- Türk Gıda Kodeksi. (2011, 29 Aralık). Türk Gıda Kodeksi Bulaşanlar Yönetmeliği. Gıdalardaki Bulaşanların Maksimum Limitleri EK-1. Resmi Gazete. (Sayı: 28157 (3.mükerrer)). https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2011/12/20111229M3-8-1.pdf erişim tarihi: 11 Şubat 2022
- Wu, F. (2021). Foodborne mycotoxins. In J. G. Morris & D. J. Vugia (Eds.), Foodborne Infections and Intoxications (5th ed., pp. 439-454): Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-819519-2.00027-X
- Xu, H., Wang, L., Sun, J., Wang, L., Guo, H., Ye, Y., & Sun, X. (2021). Microbial detoxification of mycotoxins in food and feed. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2021.1879730
- Zhao, L., Zhang, L., Xu, Z., Liu, X., Chen, L., Dai, J., Karrow N., Sun, L. (2021). Occurrence of Aflatoxin B1, deoxynivalenol and zearalenone in feeds in China during 2018–2020. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 12(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-021-00603-0
Yıl 2023,
Cilt: 12 Sayı: 1, 87 - 98, 30.06.2023
Öz
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites which have low molecular weight and are synthesized by fungi of genus Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium. Agriculturally important mycotoxins are aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, fumonisins, deoxynivalenol and zearalenone. These toxins are important since they are common in foods, have negative effects on health, and cause economic losses throughout the food chain. The effects of mycotoxins, which have a wide variety of molecular structures, on human and animal health also vary. According to their toxicity, they can be categorized as immunosuppressive, carcinogenic, teratogenic or mutagenic. Different mycotoxins can disrupt hormonal systems, damage organs, suppress the immune system or cause cancer. In many countries, limits for mycotoxins in foods have been set to keep exposure to mycotoxins as low as possible to protect consumers and provide food safety. There has been an increase in the number of countries making regulations for mycotoxins worldwide over time. Also newer and more comprehensive regulations have been put into effect with an emphasis on official sampling procedures and analytical methods applied. In this article, it was aimed to review the negative effects of mycotoxins on human and animal health and also to compare the highest limit values allowed for mycotoxins in some foods in Turkey and European Union countries.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Abd-Elsalam, K. A., & Rai, M. (2020). An introduction to nanomycotoxicology. In M. Rai & K. A. Abd-Elsalam (Eds.), Nanomycotoxicology (pp. 1-7): Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-817998-7.00001-X
- Abouzied, M., Horvath, A., Podlesny, P., Regina, N., Metodiev, V., Kamenova-Tozeva, R., Niagolova N., Stein A., Petropoulus E., Ganev, V. (2002). Ochratoxin A concentrations in food and feed from a region with Balkan Endemic Nephropathy. Food Additives & Contaminants, 19(8), 755-764. https://doi.org/10.1080/02652030210145036
- Adeyeye, S. A. O. (2016). Fungal mycotoxins in foods: A review. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 2(1), 1213127. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2016.1213127
- Afsah-Hejri, L., Hajeb, P., & Ehsani, R. J. (2020). Application of ozone for degradation of mycotoxins in food: A review. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 19(4), 1777-1808. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12594
- Afsah-Hejri, L., Jinap, S., Hajeb, P., Radu, S., & Shakibazadeh, S. (2013). A Review on Mycotoxins in Food and Feed: Malaysia Case Study. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 12(6), 629-651. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12029
- Agriopoulou, S., Stamatelopoulou, E., & Varzakas, T. (2020). Advances in Occurrence, Importance, and Mycotoxin Control Strategies: Prevention and Detoxification in Foods. Foods (Basel, Switzerland), 9(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9020137
- Armendáriz, C. R., Fernández, Á. J. G., Gironés, M. C. L. R., & de la Torre, A. H. (2014). Mycotoxins. In P. Wexler (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Toxicology (3rd ed., pp. 424-427). Oxford: Academic Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-386454-3.00519-4
- Bennett, J. W., & Klich, M. (2003). Mycotoxins. Clin Microbiol Rev, 16(3), 497-516. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.16.3.497-516.2003
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2004). Outbreak of Aflatoxin Poisoning - Eastern and Central Provinces, Kenya, January-July 2004. MMWR, 53(34), 790-793. PMID: 15343146
- Chen, C., Frank, K., Wang, T., & Wu, F. (2021). Global wheat trade and Codex Alimentarius guidelines for deoxynivalenol: A mycotoxin common in wheat. Global Food Security, 29, 100538. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2021.100538
- Coppock, R., Christian, R., & Jacobsen, B. (2018). Aflatoxins Veterinary Toxicology: Basic and Clinical Principles (3rd ed., pp. 983-994). https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-811410-0.00069-6
- Daou, R., Joubrane, K., Maroun, R. G., Khabbaz, L. R., Ismail, A., & Khoury, A. E. (2021). Mycotoxins: Factors influencing production and control strategies. AIMS Agriculture and Food, 6(1), 416-447. https://doi.org/10.3934/agrfood.2021025
- Europian Commission. Commission Regulation (EC) No:1881/2006 of 19 September 2006 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A02006R1881-20220101 erişim tarihi: 13 Mart 2022
- Fletcher, M. T., & Blaney, B. J. (2016). Mycotoxins. In C. Wrigley, H. Corke, K. Seetharaman & J. Faubion (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Food Grains (2nd ed., pp. 290-296). Oxford: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-394437-5.00112-1
- González-Peñas, E. (2022). Mycotoxins: Classification, Occurrence and Determination☆. In P. L. H. McSweeney & J. P. McNamara (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences (3rd ed., pp. 586-592). Oxford: Academic Press.
- Holanda, D. M., & Kim, S. W. (2021). Mycotoxin occurrence, toxicity, and detoxifying agents in pig production with an emphasis on deoxynivalenol. Toxins, 13(2), 171. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13020171
- Iqbal, S. Z. (2021). Mycotoxins in food, recent development in food analysis and future challenges; a review. Current Opinion in Food Science, 42, 237-247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cofs.2021.07.003
- Krishnamachari, K. A. V. R., Nagarajan, V., Bhat, R., & Tilak, T. B. G. (1975). Hepatitis due to aflatoxicosis: An Outbreak in Western India. The Lancet, 305(7915), 1061-1063. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(75)91829-2
- Narváez, A., Castaldo, L., Izzo, L., Pallarés, N., Rodríguez-Carrasco, Y., & Ritieni, A. (2022). Deoxynivalenol contamination in cereal-based foodstuffs from Spain: Systematic review and meta-analysis approach for exposure assessment. Food Control, 132, 108521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108521
- Palli, D., Miraglia, M., Saieva, C., Masala, G., Cava, E., Colatosti, M., Corsi A., Russo A., Brera, C. (1999). Serum levels of ochratoxin A in healthy adults in Tuscany: correlation with individual characteristics and between repeat measurements. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Biomarker , 8(3), 265- 269. PMID:10090305
- Pitt, J. I. (2013). Mycotoxins. In J. G. Morris & M. E. Potter (Eds.), Foodborne Infections and Intoxications (4th ed., pp. 409-418). San Diego: Academic Press.
- Reddy, L., & Bhoola, K. (2010). Ochratoxins-food contaminants: impact on human health. Toxins, 2(4), 771-779. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins2040771
- Ropejko, K., & Twarużek, M. (2021). Zearalenone and Its Metabolites—General Overview, Occurrence, and Toxicity. Toxins, 13(1), 35. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13010035
- Singh, S., Kumar, V., Dhanjal, D. S., Dhaka, V., Sonali, & Singh, J. (2021). Mycotoxin metabolites of fungi. In J. Singh & P. Gehlot (Eds.), New and Future Developments in Microbial Biotechnology and Bioengineering (pp. 253-265): Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821005-5.00019-3
- Stein, R. A., & Bulboacӑ, A. E. (2017). Mycotoxins. In C. E. R. Dodd, T. Aldsworth, R. A. Stein, D. O. Cliver & H. P. Riemann (Eds.), Foodborne Diseases (3rd., pp. 407-446): Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-385007-2.00021-8
- The International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC Monographs on The Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans. https://monographs.iarc.who.int/list-of-classifications/ erişim tarihi: 13 Mart 2022
- Throckmorton K, I. N., Ghannoum MA, Keller N. (2015). Mycotoxins Manual of Clinical Microbiology (pp. 2188-2195). https://doi.org/10.1128/9781555817381.ch126
- Tolosa, J., Rodríguez-Carrasco, Y., Ruiz, M. J., & Vila-Donat, P. (2021). Multi-mycotoxin occurrence in feed, metabolism and carry-over to animal-derived food products: A review. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 158, 112661. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2021.112661
- Tomaszewski, J., Miturski, R., Semczuk, A., Kotarski, J., & Jakowicki, J. (1998). Tissue zearalenone concentration in normal, hyperplastic and neoplastic human endometrium. Ginekologia polska, 69(5), 363-366. PMID:9695344
- Türk Gıda Kodeksi. (2011, 29 Aralık). Türk Gıda Kodeksi Bulaşanlar Yönetmeliği. Gıdalardaki Bulaşanların Maksimum Limitleri EK-1. Resmi Gazete. (Sayı: 28157 (3.mükerrer)). https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2011/12/20111229M3-8-1.pdf erişim tarihi: 11 Şubat 2022
- Wu, F. (2021). Foodborne mycotoxins. In J. G. Morris & D. J. Vugia (Eds.), Foodborne Infections and Intoxications (5th ed., pp. 439-454): Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-819519-2.00027-X
- Xu, H., Wang, L., Sun, J., Wang, L., Guo, H., Ye, Y., & Sun, X. (2021). Microbial detoxification of mycotoxins in food and feed. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2021.1879730
- Zhao, L., Zhang, L., Xu, Z., Liu, X., Chen, L., Dai, J., Karrow N., Sun, L. (2021). Occurrence of Aflatoxin B1, deoxynivalenol and zearalenone in feeds in China during 2018–2020. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 12(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-021-00603-0
Toplam 33 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi |
| Bölüm | Derleme Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 30 Haziran 2023 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2023 Cilt: 12 Sayı: 1 |
