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Year 2022, Volume: 26 Issue: 2, 232 - 240, 30.04.2022
https://doi.org/10.16984/saufenbilder.972380

Abstract

References

  • [1] P. Coleman, “Lead industry address,” APPEA J., vol. 57, no. 3, pp. 41–52, 2017.
  • [2] J. Liu, S. Huang, K. Chen, J. Li, T. Wang, M. Mei, “Recovering metallic Pb directly from lead smelting dust by NaOH-carbon roasting process,” J. Mater. Res. Technol., vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 2744–2753, 2020.
  • [3] D. Gregurek, Z. Peng, C. Wenzl, “Lead and zinc metallurgy,” JOM, vol. 67, no. 9, pp. 1986–1987, 2015.
  • [4] B. Xie, T. Yang, W. Liu, D. Zhang, L. Chen, “Recovery of lead from spent lead paste by pre-desulfurization and low-temperature reduction smelting,” JOM, vol. 72, no. 9, pp. 3195–3203, 2020.
  • [5] S. Hughes et al., “Ausmelt technology for lead and zinc processing,” Lead and Zinc 2008, no. January, pp. 147–162, 2008.
  • [6] D. Swinbourne, “The extractive metallurgy of lead,” Miner. Process. Extr. Metall., vol. 119, no. 3, pp. 182–182, 2010.
  • [7] I. Thornton, R. Rautiu, S. Brush, “Lead industry profile,” Lead Facts, pp. 47–70, 2001.
  • [8] F. Habashi, “Pollution problems in the metallurgical industry: A review,” JME, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 17–26, 2011.
  • [9] D. J. Fray, “Reduction of titanium and other metal oxides using electrodeoxidation,” Mater. Sci. Technol., vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 295–300, 2004.
  • [10] G. Z. Chen, “Forming metal powders by electrolysis,” Advances in Powder Metallurgy: Properties, Processing and Applications, Woodhead Publishing Limited, pp. 19–41, 2013.
  • [11] T. Wang, H. Gao, X. Jin, H. Chen, J. Peng, and G. Z. Chen, “Electrolysis of solid metal sulfide to metal and sulfur in molten NaCl-KCl,” Electrochem. commun., vol. 13, no. 12, pp. 1492–1495, 2011.
  • [12] K. S. Mohandas, “Direct electrochemical conversion of metal oxides to metal by molten salt electrolysis: a review,” Miner. Process. Extr. Metall., vol. 122, no. 4, pp. 195–212, 2013.
  • [13] G. Li, D. Wang, X. Jin, G. Z. Chen, “Electrolysis of solid MoS2 in molten CaCl2 for Mo extraction without CO2 emission,” Electrochem. commun., vol. 9, no. 8, pp. 1951–1957, 2007.
  • [14] J. E. M. and M. F. Chambers, “Production of lead metal by molten-salt electrolysis with energy-efficient electrodes. Rept. of investigations/1991.” 1991.
  • [15] M. Free et al., “Electrometallurgy - Now and in the Future,” in Electrometallurgy 2012, pp. 1–27. 2012.
  • [16] T. Buzatu, G. Badanoiu, V. G. Ghica, and M. Buzatu, “Experimental research on lead extraction from alkaline solutions by electrolysis,” Rev. Chim., vol. 66, no. 8, pp. 1147–1150, 2015.
  • [17] X. Qu et al., “Electrochemical Reduction of Solid Lead and Antimony Sulfides in Strong Alkaline Solutions,” J. Electrochem. Soc., vol. 166, no. 2, pp. E62–E67, 2019.
  • [18] A. Vignes, “Electrometallurgical Extraction Processes,” in Extractive Metallurgy 2, A. Vignes, Ed. LONDON: ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2011, pp. 87–116.
  • [19] M. Tan, R. He, Y. Yuan, Z. Wang, and X. Jin, “Electrochemical sulfur removal from chalcopyrite in molten NaCl-KCl,” Electrochim. Acta, vol. 213, pp. 148–154, 2016.
  • [20] X. Ge, X. Wang, and S. Seetharaman, “Copper extraction from copper ore by electro-reduction in molten CaCl2-NaCl,” Electrochim. Acta, vol. 54, no. 18, pp. 4397–4402, 2009.
  • [21] H. Yin, B. Chung, and D. R. Sadoway, “Electrolysis of a molten semiconductor,” Nat. Commun., vol. 7, 12584, 2016.
  • [22] X. Li, J. Qu, Z. Zhao, Y. Zhao, H. Xie, and H. Yin, “Electrochemical desulfurization of galena-stibnite in molten salts to prepare liquid Sb–Pb alloy for liquid metal battery,” J. Clean. Prod., vol. 312, 127779, 2021.

Electrochemical Reduction of Lead Sulphide in NaCl-KCl and NaCl-KCl-%2Na2S

Year 2022, Volume: 26 Issue: 2, 232 - 240, 30.04.2022
https://doi.org/10.16984/saufenbilder.972380

Abstract

In this study, the lead production from lead sulfide (PbS) by molten salt electrolysis was investigated under potentiostatic and galvanostatic conditions using NaCl-KCl and NaCl-KCl-2%Na2S electrolytes. Stable cell voltage and current were aimed with the addition of Na2S to the NaCl-KCl electrolyte. Reduction experiments were carried out at constant 700 °C temperature and for 15 min. duration. The current density was set to 250 mA/cm2 for the galvanostatic reduction experiments. It was observed that there was an increase in cell voltage in both electrolytes due to the decrease in the amount of PbS in galvanostatic experiments. In these experiments, it was determined that the reduction occurred at higher cell voltages in the NaCl-KCl electrolyte compared to the NaCl-KCl-2%Na2S electrolyte. Although the cell voltage was aimed to remain constant with the Na2S addition, the cell voltage decreased slightly compared to the NaCl-KCl electrolyte, but increased with the experiment duration as in the NaCl-KCl electrolyte. Potentiostatic reduction experiments carried out at a constant cell voltage of 3.0 V under the electrolyte decomposition voltage. The morphology of the cathode products was examined by SEM-EDS analysis and, the phases were examined by X-ray diffractometry. Higher current values were obtained in the NaCl-KCl-%2Na2S electrolyte compared to the NaCl-KCl electrolyte. Current variation with electrolysis duration showed similar trends in both electrolytes. According to structural characterization, it was determined that the metallic lead mass did not contain any impurities.

References

  • [1] P. Coleman, “Lead industry address,” APPEA J., vol. 57, no. 3, pp. 41–52, 2017.
  • [2] J. Liu, S. Huang, K. Chen, J. Li, T. Wang, M. Mei, “Recovering metallic Pb directly from lead smelting dust by NaOH-carbon roasting process,” J. Mater. Res. Technol., vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 2744–2753, 2020.
  • [3] D. Gregurek, Z. Peng, C. Wenzl, “Lead and zinc metallurgy,” JOM, vol. 67, no. 9, pp. 1986–1987, 2015.
  • [4] B. Xie, T. Yang, W. Liu, D. Zhang, L. Chen, “Recovery of lead from spent lead paste by pre-desulfurization and low-temperature reduction smelting,” JOM, vol. 72, no. 9, pp. 3195–3203, 2020.
  • [5] S. Hughes et al., “Ausmelt technology for lead and zinc processing,” Lead and Zinc 2008, no. January, pp. 147–162, 2008.
  • [6] D. Swinbourne, “The extractive metallurgy of lead,” Miner. Process. Extr. Metall., vol. 119, no. 3, pp. 182–182, 2010.
  • [7] I. Thornton, R. Rautiu, S. Brush, “Lead industry profile,” Lead Facts, pp. 47–70, 2001.
  • [8] F. Habashi, “Pollution problems in the metallurgical industry: A review,” JME, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 17–26, 2011.
  • [9] D. J. Fray, “Reduction of titanium and other metal oxides using electrodeoxidation,” Mater. Sci. Technol., vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 295–300, 2004.
  • [10] G. Z. Chen, “Forming metal powders by electrolysis,” Advances in Powder Metallurgy: Properties, Processing and Applications, Woodhead Publishing Limited, pp. 19–41, 2013.
  • [11] T. Wang, H. Gao, X. Jin, H. Chen, J. Peng, and G. Z. Chen, “Electrolysis of solid metal sulfide to metal and sulfur in molten NaCl-KCl,” Electrochem. commun., vol. 13, no. 12, pp. 1492–1495, 2011.
  • [12] K. S. Mohandas, “Direct electrochemical conversion of metal oxides to metal by molten salt electrolysis: a review,” Miner. Process. Extr. Metall., vol. 122, no. 4, pp. 195–212, 2013.
  • [13] G. Li, D. Wang, X. Jin, G. Z. Chen, “Electrolysis of solid MoS2 in molten CaCl2 for Mo extraction without CO2 emission,” Electrochem. commun., vol. 9, no. 8, pp. 1951–1957, 2007.
  • [14] J. E. M. and M. F. Chambers, “Production of lead metal by molten-salt electrolysis with energy-efficient electrodes. Rept. of investigations/1991.” 1991.
  • [15] M. Free et al., “Electrometallurgy - Now and in the Future,” in Electrometallurgy 2012, pp. 1–27. 2012.
  • [16] T. Buzatu, G. Badanoiu, V. G. Ghica, and M. Buzatu, “Experimental research on lead extraction from alkaline solutions by electrolysis,” Rev. Chim., vol. 66, no. 8, pp. 1147–1150, 2015.
  • [17] X. Qu et al., “Electrochemical Reduction of Solid Lead and Antimony Sulfides in Strong Alkaline Solutions,” J. Electrochem. Soc., vol. 166, no. 2, pp. E62–E67, 2019.
  • [18] A. Vignes, “Electrometallurgical Extraction Processes,” in Extractive Metallurgy 2, A. Vignes, Ed. LONDON: ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2011, pp. 87–116.
  • [19] M. Tan, R. He, Y. Yuan, Z. Wang, and X. Jin, “Electrochemical sulfur removal from chalcopyrite in molten NaCl-KCl,” Electrochim. Acta, vol. 213, pp. 148–154, 2016.
  • [20] X. Ge, X. Wang, and S. Seetharaman, “Copper extraction from copper ore by electro-reduction in molten CaCl2-NaCl,” Electrochim. Acta, vol. 54, no. 18, pp. 4397–4402, 2009.
  • [21] H. Yin, B. Chung, and D. R. Sadoway, “Electrolysis of a molten semiconductor,” Nat. Commun., vol. 7, 12584, 2016.
  • [22] X. Li, J. Qu, Z. Zhao, Y. Zhao, H. Xie, and H. Yin, “Electrochemical desulfurization of galena-stibnite in molten salts to prepare liquid Sb–Pb alloy for liquid metal battery,” J. Clean. Prod., vol. 312, 127779, 2021.
There are 22 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Materials Engineering (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Levent Kartal 0000-0002-6291-8947

Publication Date April 30, 2022
Submission Date July 16, 2021
Acceptance Date February 8, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 26 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Kartal, L. (2022). Electrochemical Reduction of Lead Sulphide in NaCl-KCl and NaCl-KCl-%2Na2S. Sakarya University Journal of Science, 26(2), 232-240. https://doi.org/10.16984/saufenbilder.972380
AMA Kartal L. Electrochemical Reduction of Lead Sulphide in NaCl-KCl and NaCl-KCl-%2Na2S. SAUJS. April 2022;26(2):232-240. doi:10.16984/saufenbilder.972380
Chicago Kartal, Levent. “Electrochemical Reduction of Lead Sulphide in NaCl-KCl and NaCl-KCl-%2Na2S”. Sakarya University Journal of Science 26, no. 2 (April 2022): 232-40. https://doi.org/10.16984/saufenbilder.972380.
EndNote Kartal L (April 1, 2022) Electrochemical Reduction of Lead Sulphide in NaCl-KCl and NaCl-KCl-%2Na2S. Sakarya University Journal of Science 26 2 232–240.
IEEE L. Kartal, “Electrochemical Reduction of Lead Sulphide in NaCl-KCl and NaCl-KCl-%2Na2S”, SAUJS, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 232–240, 2022, doi: 10.16984/saufenbilder.972380.
ISNAD Kartal, Levent. “Electrochemical Reduction of Lead Sulphide in NaCl-KCl and NaCl-KCl-%2Na2S”. Sakarya University Journal of Science 26/2 (April 2022), 232-240. https://doi.org/10.16984/saufenbilder.972380.
JAMA Kartal L. Electrochemical Reduction of Lead Sulphide in NaCl-KCl and NaCl-KCl-%2Na2S. SAUJS. 2022;26:232–240.
MLA Kartal, Levent. “Electrochemical Reduction of Lead Sulphide in NaCl-KCl and NaCl-KCl-%2Na2S”. Sakarya University Journal of Science, vol. 26, no. 2, 2022, pp. 232-40, doi:10.16984/saufenbilder.972380.
Vancouver Kartal L. Electrochemical Reduction of Lead Sulphide in NaCl-KCl and NaCl-KCl-%2Na2S. SAUJS. 2022;26(2):232-40.