Research Article
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Determination of activity concentrations of natural and artificial radionuclides in some commercial salt samples

Year 2017, Volume: 21 Issue: 6, 1422 - 1433, 01.12.2017
https://doi.org/10.16984/saufenbilder.305792

Abstract

The aim of this study is to
determine activity concentrations of natural and artificial radionuclides in
some commercial salt samples using HpGe gamma spectrometry system. In this
study, a total of 11 commercial salt samples which were 5-refined, 5-unrefined
and 1-dishwasher salt samples were examined. The activity levels of 226Ra,
232Th, 40K and 137Cs radionuclides, radium
equivalent activity, absorbed dose rate, annual effective dose equivalent,
annual effective dose values of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K
from ingestion of salt samples for adults, 
internal hazard index and external hazard index were calculated in salt
samples. The obtained radium equivalent activity, absorbed gamma dose rate,
annual effective dose equivalent were compared with the average values given in
the international reports and it was concluded that the values of the salt
samples were lower than the average values stated in the international reports.
Annual effective dose values of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K
from ingestion of salt samples for adults are higher than average values given
in the international report.

References

  • M. Mohery, S. Baz, A. Kelany and A. Abdallah, "Environmental radiation levels in soil and sediment samples colled from floating water from a land runway resulting from heavy rains in the Jeddah region, KSA," Radiat.Phys.Chem., vol. 97, pp. 16-24, 2014.
  • UNSCEAR 2000a, "Sources and effects of ionizing radiation, UNSCEAR 2000 report to general assembly with scientific annexes Volume I: Sources," United Nations, New York, 2000.
  • T. Alrefae, T. Nageawaran, A. Al-Failakawi and T. Al-Shemali, "Radioactivity of long lives gamma emitters in milk powder consumed in Kuwait and estimates of annual effective doses," Kuwait J. Sci. Eng, vol. 39, no. 1A, pp. 143-158, 2012.
  • UNSCEAR 2013, "Sources, effects and risks of ionizing radiation," United Nations, New York, 2014.
  • S. Forkapic, D. Maletic, I. Vasin, K. Bikit, D. Mrdja, I. Bikit, V. Udovicic and R. Banjanac, "Correlation analysis of the natural radionuclides in soil and indoor radon in Vojvodina, Province of Serbia," J. Environ. Radioactiv., vol. 166, pp. 403-411, 2017.
  • I. Guagliardi, N. Rovella, C. Apollaro, A. Bloise, R. Rosa, F. Scarciglia and G. Buttafuoco, "Modelling seasonal variations of natural radioactivity in soils: A case study in southern Italy," J. Earth. Syst. Sci., vol. 125, no. 8, pp. 1569-1578, 2016.
  • D. Rangaswamy, M. Srilatha, C. Ningappa, E. Srinivasa and J. Sannappa, "Measurement of natural radioactivity and radiation hazards assessment in rock samples of Ramanagara and Tumkur districts, Karnataka, India," Environ. Earth. Sci., vol. 75, no. 5, 2016.
  • W. Abdurabu, A. Ramli, M. Saleh, A. Heryansyah, A. Alnhary and S. Fadhl, "Terrestrial gamma dose rate, radioactivity and radiological hazards in the rocks of an elevated radiation background in Juban District, Ad Dali' Governorate, Yemen," J. Radio.Prot., vol. 36, pp. 163-177, 2016.
  • H. Aboelkhair and M. Zaaeimah, "Potential of natural gamma-ray spectrometry for mapping and environmental monitoring of black-sand beach deposits on the northern coast of Sinai, Egypt," Radiat.Prot. Dosimetry, vol. 154, no. 1, pp. 81-94, 2013.
  • P. Kessaratikoon, R. Boonkrongcheep, S. Benjakul and U. Youngchauy, "Specific activities and radioactive contour maps of natural and anthropogenic radionuclides in beach sand samples (Patong, Kamala, Kata, Karon and Nai Yang) after tsunami disaster in Phuket province, Thailand," J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., vol. 297, pp. 247-255, 2013.
  • L. Xinwei and Z. Xiaolan, "Measurement of natural radioactivity in sand samples collected from the Baoji Weihe Sands Park, China," Environ. Geol., vol. 50, pp. 977-982, 2006.
  • J. Wang, J. Du and Q. Bi, "Natural radioactivity assessment of surface sediments in the Yangtze Estuary," Marine Poll. Bull., vol. 114, pp. 602-608, 2017.
  • M. Meli, D. Desideri, C. Roselli, L. Feduzi and C. Benedetti, "Radioactivity in honey of the central Italy," Food Chemistry, vol. 202, pp. 349-355, 2016.
  • E. Agbalagba, H. Agbalagba and G. Avwiri, "Cost-benefit analysis approach to risk assessment of natural radioactivity in powdered and liquid milk products consumed in Nigeria," Environ. Forensics, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 191-202, 2016.
  • J. Chae, T. Kim, H. Kim and J. Yun, "Estimation of annual effective dose from ingestion of 40K and 137Cs in foods frequently consumed in Korea," J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., vol. 310, pp. 1069-1075, 2016.
  • J. Chen, M. Rennie, B. Sadi, W. Zhang and N. St-Amant, "A study on the levels of radioactivity in fish samples from the experimental lakes area in Ontario, Canada," J. Environ. Radioactiv., vol. 153, pp. 222-230, 2016.
  • K. Kant, R. Gupta, R. Kumari, N. Gupta and M. Garg, "Natural radioactivity in Indian vegetation samples," Int. J. Radiat. Res., vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 143-150, 2015.
  • C. Eke and I. Boztosun, "Determination of activity concentration of natural and artifcial radionuclides in sand samples from mediterranean coast of Antalya in Turkey," Kerntechnik, vol. 80, pp. 280-290, 2015.
  • Z. Korkulu and N. Ozkan, "Determination of natural radioactivity levels of beach sand samples in the belack sea coast of Kocaeli (Turkey)," Radit. Phys. Chem., vol. 88, pp. 27-31, 2013.
  • O. Agar, I. Boztosun, M. Korkmaz and S. Ozmen, "Measurement of radioactivity levels and assessment of radioactivity hazards of soil samples in Karaman, Turkey," Radit. Prot. Dosimetry, vol. 162, no. 4, pp. 630-637, 2014.
  • O. Baykara and M. Dogru, "Determination of terrestrial gamma, 238U, 232Th and 40K in soil along fracture zones," Radiat. Meas., vol. 44, pp. 116-121, 2009.
  • R. Keser, F. Korkmaz Gorur, I. Alp and N. Okumusoglu, "Determination of radioactivity levels and hazards of sediment and rock samples in İkizdere and Kaptanpasa Valley, Turkey," In. J. Radiat. Res., vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 155-165, 2013.
  • P. Otansev, H. Taskin, A. Bassari and A. Varinlioglu, "Distribution and environmental impacts of heavy metals and radioactivity in sediment and seawater of the Marmara Sea," Chemosphere, vol. 154, pp. 266-275, 2016.
  • Y. Kobya, H. Taskin, C. Yesilkanat, A. Varinlioglu and S. Korcak, "Natural and artificial radioactivity assessment of dam lakes sediments in Coruh River, Turkey," J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., vol. 303, pp. 287-295, 2015.
  • S. Akca, O. Sogut, E. Kucukonder, S. Karatepe and M. Dogru, "Radioactivity levels in some mushroom species and consequent doses," Asian J. Chem., vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 879-882, 2014.
  • S. Erenturk, S. Yusan, D. Turkozu, Z. Camtakan, M. Olgen, M. Aslani, S. Aytas and M. Isık, "Spatial distribution and risk assessment of radioactivity and heavy metal levels of sediment, surface water and fish samples from Lake Van, Turkey," J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., vol. 300, pp. 919-931, 2014.
  • O. Kilic, M. Belivermis, S. Topcuoglu and Y. Cotuk, "232Th, 238U, 40K, 137Cs radioactivity concentrations and 137Cs dose rate in Turkish market tea," Radiat. Eff. Defect S., vol. 164, no. 2, pp. 138-143, 2009.
  • E. Ekdal, T. Karali and M. Sac, "210Po and 210Pb in soils and vegetables in Kucuk Menderes basin of Turkey," Radiat. Meas., vol. 41, pp. 72-77, 2006.
  • S. El-Bahi, "Radioactivity levels of salt for natural sediments in the northwestern desert and local markets in Egypt," Appl.Radit. Isot., vol. 58, pp. 143-148, 2003.
  • M. Baloch, A. Qureshi, A. Waheed, M. Ali, N. Ali, M. Tufail, S. Batool, M. Akram, P. Ifrikhar, H. Qayyum, S. Manzoor ve H. Khan, «A Study on Natural Radioactivity in Khewra Salt Mines, Pakistan,» J. Radiat. Res. , cilt 53, pp. 411-421, 2012.
  • C. Kansaana, E. Darko, C. Schandorf, O. Adukpo, A. Faanu, H. Lawluvi and D. Kpeglo, "Determination of natural radioactivity in Saline Water and Salt from Panbros Salt Industry Limited in the Accra Metropolis, Ghana," ınternational Journal of Science and Technology, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 107-111, 2012.
  • S. Ozmen, I. Boztosun, M. Yavuz and M. Tunc, "Determination of gamma radioactivity levels and associated dose rates of soil samples of the Akkuyu/Mersin using high-resolution gamma-ray spectrometry," Radit. Prot. Dosimetry, vol. 158, no. 4, pp. 461-465, 2014.
  • Maestro-32, "Multichannel analyser software," Ortec, 2008. [Online]. Available: http://www.ortec-online.com/products/application-software/maestro-mca. [Accessed 16 03 2017].
  • M. Al-Masri, M. Hasan, Y. Amin and A. Doubal, "Mass attenuation coefficients of soil and sediment samples using gamma energies from 46.5 to 1332 keV," J. Environ. Radioactiv., vol. 116, pp. 28-33, 2013.
  • C. Eke and I. Boztosun, "Gamma-ray spectrometry for the self-attenuation correction factor of the sand samples From Antalya In Turkey," J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., vol. 301, pp. 103-108, 2014.
  • J. Beretka and P. Mathew, "Natural radioactivity of Australian building materials, industrial wastes and by-products," Health Phys., vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 87-95, 1985.
  • UNSCEAR 2000, "Sources effects and ionizing radiation, UNSCEAR 2000 report to the general assembly with scientific annexes," United Nations, New York, 2000.
  • S. Tahir and A. Alaamer, "Determination of natural radioactivity in rock salt and radiation doses due to its ingestion," J. Radiol. Prot., vol. 28, pp. 233-236, 2008.
  • NEA-OECD (Nuclear Energy Agency-Organisation for economic co-operation and development), "Exposure to natural radioactivity in building materials," Report by NEA group of experts of the nuclear energy agency, Fransa, 1979.

Bazı ticari tuz örneklerinde doğal ve yapay radyonüklitlerin aktivite konsantrasyonlarının belirlenmesi

Year 2017, Volume: 21 Issue: 6, 1422 - 1433, 01.12.2017
https://doi.org/10.16984/saufenbilder.305792

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı bazı ticari tuz örnekleri içindeki doğal
ve yapay radyonüklitlerin aktivite konsantrasyonlarını HpGe gama spektrometre
sistemi kullanarak belirlemektir. Çalışmada 5-rafine edilmiş, 5-rafine
edilmemiş, 1-bulaşık makinesi tuzu olmak üzere toplamda 11 adet ticari tuz
örneği incelemiştir. Tuz örnekleri içindeki 226Ra, 232Th,
40K and 137Cs radyonüklitlerinin aktivite
konsantrasyonları, radyum eşdeğer aktivitesi, soğurulan gama doz oranı, yıllık
etkin doz eşdeğeri, 226Ra, 232Th ve 40K doğal
radyonüklitlerin tuz örneklerinin yetişkinlerde yıllık tüketimden gelen etkin
doz değeri, iç tehlike indeksi ve dış tehlike indeksi değerleri hesaplanmıştır.
Elde edilen radyum eşdeğer aktivitesi, soğurulan gama doz oranı, yıllık etkin
doz eşdeğeri uluslararası raporlarda verilen ortalama değerler ile
karşılaştırılmış ve tuz örnekleri için elde edilen değerlerin, uluslararası
raporlarda belirtilen ortalama değerlerden düşük olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. 226Ra,
232Th ve 40K doğal radyonüklitlerin tuz örneklerinin
yetişkinlerde yıllık tüketimden gelen etkin doz değeri, uluslararası raporda
belirtilen değerden daha yüksektir.

References

  • M. Mohery, S. Baz, A. Kelany and A. Abdallah, "Environmental radiation levels in soil and sediment samples colled from floating water from a land runway resulting from heavy rains in the Jeddah region, KSA," Radiat.Phys.Chem., vol. 97, pp. 16-24, 2014.
  • UNSCEAR 2000a, "Sources and effects of ionizing radiation, UNSCEAR 2000 report to general assembly with scientific annexes Volume I: Sources," United Nations, New York, 2000.
  • T. Alrefae, T. Nageawaran, A. Al-Failakawi and T. Al-Shemali, "Radioactivity of long lives gamma emitters in milk powder consumed in Kuwait and estimates of annual effective doses," Kuwait J. Sci. Eng, vol. 39, no. 1A, pp. 143-158, 2012.
  • UNSCEAR 2013, "Sources, effects and risks of ionizing radiation," United Nations, New York, 2014.
  • S. Forkapic, D. Maletic, I. Vasin, K. Bikit, D. Mrdja, I. Bikit, V. Udovicic and R. Banjanac, "Correlation analysis of the natural radionuclides in soil and indoor radon in Vojvodina, Province of Serbia," J. Environ. Radioactiv., vol. 166, pp. 403-411, 2017.
  • I. Guagliardi, N. Rovella, C. Apollaro, A. Bloise, R. Rosa, F. Scarciglia and G. Buttafuoco, "Modelling seasonal variations of natural radioactivity in soils: A case study in southern Italy," J. Earth. Syst. Sci., vol. 125, no. 8, pp. 1569-1578, 2016.
  • D. Rangaswamy, M. Srilatha, C. Ningappa, E. Srinivasa and J. Sannappa, "Measurement of natural radioactivity and radiation hazards assessment in rock samples of Ramanagara and Tumkur districts, Karnataka, India," Environ. Earth. Sci., vol. 75, no. 5, 2016.
  • W. Abdurabu, A. Ramli, M. Saleh, A. Heryansyah, A. Alnhary and S. Fadhl, "Terrestrial gamma dose rate, radioactivity and radiological hazards in the rocks of an elevated radiation background in Juban District, Ad Dali' Governorate, Yemen," J. Radio.Prot., vol. 36, pp. 163-177, 2016.
  • H. Aboelkhair and M. Zaaeimah, "Potential of natural gamma-ray spectrometry for mapping and environmental monitoring of black-sand beach deposits on the northern coast of Sinai, Egypt," Radiat.Prot. Dosimetry, vol. 154, no. 1, pp. 81-94, 2013.
  • P. Kessaratikoon, R. Boonkrongcheep, S. Benjakul and U. Youngchauy, "Specific activities and radioactive contour maps of natural and anthropogenic radionuclides in beach sand samples (Patong, Kamala, Kata, Karon and Nai Yang) after tsunami disaster in Phuket province, Thailand," J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., vol. 297, pp. 247-255, 2013.
  • L. Xinwei and Z. Xiaolan, "Measurement of natural radioactivity in sand samples collected from the Baoji Weihe Sands Park, China," Environ. Geol., vol. 50, pp. 977-982, 2006.
  • J. Wang, J. Du and Q. Bi, "Natural radioactivity assessment of surface sediments in the Yangtze Estuary," Marine Poll. Bull., vol. 114, pp. 602-608, 2017.
  • M. Meli, D. Desideri, C. Roselli, L. Feduzi and C. Benedetti, "Radioactivity in honey of the central Italy," Food Chemistry, vol. 202, pp. 349-355, 2016.
  • E. Agbalagba, H. Agbalagba and G. Avwiri, "Cost-benefit analysis approach to risk assessment of natural radioactivity in powdered and liquid milk products consumed in Nigeria," Environ. Forensics, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 191-202, 2016.
  • J. Chae, T. Kim, H. Kim and J. Yun, "Estimation of annual effective dose from ingestion of 40K and 137Cs in foods frequently consumed in Korea," J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., vol. 310, pp. 1069-1075, 2016.
  • J. Chen, M. Rennie, B. Sadi, W. Zhang and N. St-Amant, "A study on the levels of radioactivity in fish samples from the experimental lakes area in Ontario, Canada," J. Environ. Radioactiv., vol. 153, pp. 222-230, 2016.
  • K. Kant, R. Gupta, R. Kumari, N. Gupta and M. Garg, "Natural radioactivity in Indian vegetation samples," Int. J. Radiat. Res., vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 143-150, 2015.
  • C. Eke and I. Boztosun, "Determination of activity concentration of natural and artifcial radionuclides in sand samples from mediterranean coast of Antalya in Turkey," Kerntechnik, vol. 80, pp. 280-290, 2015.
  • Z. Korkulu and N. Ozkan, "Determination of natural radioactivity levels of beach sand samples in the belack sea coast of Kocaeli (Turkey)," Radit. Phys. Chem., vol. 88, pp. 27-31, 2013.
  • O. Agar, I. Boztosun, M. Korkmaz and S. Ozmen, "Measurement of radioactivity levels and assessment of radioactivity hazards of soil samples in Karaman, Turkey," Radit. Prot. Dosimetry, vol. 162, no. 4, pp. 630-637, 2014.
  • O. Baykara and M. Dogru, "Determination of terrestrial gamma, 238U, 232Th and 40K in soil along fracture zones," Radiat. Meas., vol. 44, pp. 116-121, 2009.
  • R. Keser, F. Korkmaz Gorur, I. Alp and N. Okumusoglu, "Determination of radioactivity levels and hazards of sediment and rock samples in İkizdere and Kaptanpasa Valley, Turkey," In. J. Radiat. Res., vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 155-165, 2013.
  • P. Otansev, H. Taskin, A. Bassari and A. Varinlioglu, "Distribution and environmental impacts of heavy metals and radioactivity in sediment and seawater of the Marmara Sea," Chemosphere, vol. 154, pp. 266-275, 2016.
  • Y. Kobya, H. Taskin, C. Yesilkanat, A. Varinlioglu and S. Korcak, "Natural and artificial radioactivity assessment of dam lakes sediments in Coruh River, Turkey," J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., vol. 303, pp. 287-295, 2015.
  • S. Akca, O. Sogut, E. Kucukonder, S. Karatepe and M. Dogru, "Radioactivity levels in some mushroom species and consequent doses," Asian J. Chem., vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 879-882, 2014.
  • S. Erenturk, S. Yusan, D. Turkozu, Z. Camtakan, M. Olgen, M. Aslani, S. Aytas and M. Isık, "Spatial distribution and risk assessment of radioactivity and heavy metal levels of sediment, surface water and fish samples from Lake Van, Turkey," J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., vol. 300, pp. 919-931, 2014.
  • O. Kilic, M. Belivermis, S. Topcuoglu and Y. Cotuk, "232Th, 238U, 40K, 137Cs radioactivity concentrations and 137Cs dose rate in Turkish market tea," Radiat. Eff. Defect S., vol. 164, no. 2, pp. 138-143, 2009.
  • E. Ekdal, T. Karali and M. Sac, "210Po and 210Pb in soils and vegetables in Kucuk Menderes basin of Turkey," Radiat. Meas., vol. 41, pp. 72-77, 2006.
  • S. El-Bahi, "Radioactivity levels of salt for natural sediments in the northwestern desert and local markets in Egypt," Appl.Radit. Isot., vol. 58, pp. 143-148, 2003.
  • M. Baloch, A. Qureshi, A. Waheed, M. Ali, N. Ali, M. Tufail, S. Batool, M. Akram, P. Ifrikhar, H. Qayyum, S. Manzoor ve H. Khan, «A Study on Natural Radioactivity in Khewra Salt Mines, Pakistan,» J. Radiat. Res. , cilt 53, pp. 411-421, 2012.
  • C. Kansaana, E. Darko, C. Schandorf, O. Adukpo, A. Faanu, H. Lawluvi and D. Kpeglo, "Determination of natural radioactivity in Saline Water and Salt from Panbros Salt Industry Limited in the Accra Metropolis, Ghana," ınternational Journal of Science and Technology, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 107-111, 2012.
  • S. Ozmen, I. Boztosun, M. Yavuz and M. Tunc, "Determination of gamma radioactivity levels and associated dose rates of soil samples of the Akkuyu/Mersin using high-resolution gamma-ray spectrometry," Radit. Prot. Dosimetry, vol. 158, no. 4, pp. 461-465, 2014.
  • Maestro-32, "Multichannel analyser software," Ortec, 2008. [Online]. Available: http://www.ortec-online.com/products/application-software/maestro-mca. [Accessed 16 03 2017].
  • M. Al-Masri, M. Hasan, Y. Amin and A. Doubal, "Mass attenuation coefficients of soil and sediment samples using gamma energies from 46.5 to 1332 keV," J. Environ. Radioactiv., vol. 116, pp. 28-33, 2013.
  • C. Eke and I. Boztosun, "Gamma-ray spectrometry for the self-attenuation correction factor of the sand samples From Antalya In Turkey," J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., vol. 301, pp. 103-108, 2014.
  • J. Beretka and P. Mathew, "Natural radioactivity of Australian building materials, industrial wastes and by-products," Health Phys., vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 87-95, 1985.
  • UNSCEAR 2000, "Sources effects and ionizing radiation, UNSCEAR 2000 report to the general assembly with scientific annexes," United Nations, New York, 2000.
  • S. Tahir and A. Alaamer, "Determination of natural radioactivity in rock salt and radiation doses due to its ingestion," J. Radiol. Prot., vol. 28, pp. 233-236, 2008.
  • NEA-OECD (Nuclear Energy Agency-Organisation for economic co-operation and development), "Exposure to natural radioactivity in building materials," Report by NEA group of experts of the nuclear energy agency, Fransa, 1979.
There are 39 citations in total.

Details

Subjects Metrology, Applied and Industrial Physics
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Canel Eke

Publication Date December 1, 2017
Submission Date April 12, 2017
Acceptance Date September 12, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017 Volume: 21 Issue: 6

Cite

APA Eke, C. (2017). Determination of activity concentrations of natural and artificial radionuclides in some commercial salt samples. Sakarya University Journal of Science, 21(6), 1422-1433. https://doi.org/10.16984/saufenbilder.305792
AMA Eke C. Determination of activity concentrations of natural and artificial radionuclides in some commercial salt samples. SAUJS. December 2017;21(6):1422-1433. doi:10.16984/saufenbilder.305792
Chicago Eke, Canel. “Determination of Activity Concentrations of Natural and Artificial Radionuclides in Some Commercial Salt Samples”. Sakarya University Journal of Science 21, no. 6 (December 2017): 1422-33. https://doi.org/10.16984/saufenbilder.305792.
EndNote Eke C (December 1, 2017) Determination of activity concentrations of natural and artificial radionuclides in some commercial salt samples. Sakarya University Journal of Science 21 6 1422–1433.
IEEE C. Eke, “Determination of activity concentrations of natural and artificial radionuclides in some commercial salt samples”, SAUJS, vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 1422–1433, 2017, doi: 10.16984/saufenbilder.305792.
ISNAD Eke, Canel. “Determination of Activity Concentrations of Natural and Artificial Radionuclides in Some Commercial Salt Samples”. Sakarya University Journal of Science 21/6 (December 2017), 1422-1433. https://doi.org/10.16984/saufenbilder.305792.
JAMA Eke C. Determination of activity concentrations of natural and artificial radionuclides in some commercial salt samples. SAUJS. 2017;21:1422–1433.
MLA Eke, Canel. “Determination of Activity Concentrations of Natural and Artificial Radionuclides in Some Commercial Salt Samples”. Sakarya University Journal of Science, vol. 21, no. 6, 2017, pp. 1422-33, doi:10.16984/saufenbilder.305792.
Vancouver Eke C. Determination of activity concentrations of natural and artificial radionuclides in some commercial salt samples. SAUJS. 2017;21(6):1422-33.