Clinical Research
The Relationship Between Pain Intensity, Pain Beliefs, and Emotion Regulation Skills in Non-Surgical Spinal Pathology Pain
Abstract
Aim: Chronic pain, particularly spinal pain, presents a significant health concern globally. This study aims to investigate the interplay between pain beliefs, emotion regulation strategies, and pain severity in individuals with complaints of spinal pain.
Material and Method: A sample of 100 participants presenting with back and neck pain, without indications for surgery, completed measures assessing pain beliefs, emotion regulation strategies, and pain severity.
Results: Results indicated that individuals with higher levels of psychological pain beliefs reported lower pain severity, while those employing maladaptive emotion regulation strategies experienced greater pain severity.
Conclusion: These findings underscore the importance of considering psychological factors in pain management and highlight the potential utility of targeting emotion regulation strategies in clinical interventions. Future research should further explore the impact of pain beliefs and emotion regulation on treatment outcomes and the pain experience, providing valuable insights for enhancing pain management approaches.
References
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- Merskey H, Bogduk N. Classification of chronic pain. 2nd Edition, IASP Task Force on Taxonomy. IASP Press, Seattle. 1994;209-14.
- Eisenberg L. What makes persons "patients" and patients "well? Am J Med. 1980;69:277-86.
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- Jahre H, Grotle M, Smedbråten K, et al. Risk factors for non-specific neck pain in young adults. A systematic review. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2020;21:366.
- Nieminen LK, Pyysalo LM, Kankaanpää MJ. Prognostic factors for pain chronicity in low back pain: a systematic review. Pain Rep. 2021;6:e919.
- Oliveira DS, Vélia Ferreira Mendonça L, Sofia Monteiro Sampaio R, et al. The impact of anxiety and depression on the outcomes of chronic low back pain multidisciplinary pain management-a multicenter prospective cohort study in pain clinics with one-year follow-up. Pain Med. 2019;20:736-46.
- Hallegraeff JM, Kan R, van Trijffel E, et al. State anxiety improves prediction of pain and pain-related disability after 12 weeks in patients with acute low back pain: a cohort study. J Physiother. 2020;66:39-44.
- Turk DC, Okifuji A. Psychological factors in chronic pain: evolution and revolution. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2002;70:678-90.
- Çeliker R. Chronic Pain Syndromes. Turk J Phys Med Rehab. 2005;51:B14-8.
- Peker Salt D. Ağrı yakınması olan hastalarda yaşam kalitesi, başa çıkma tutumları ve depresif belirtilerin ağrı algısı i̇le i̇lişkisi. Master thesis, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, 2007.
- Rainville J, Ahern DK, Phalen L. Altering beliefs about pain and impairment in a functionally oriented treatment program for chronic low back pain. Clin J Pain. 1993;9:196-201.
- Walsh DA, Radcliffe JC. Pain beliefs and perceived physical disability of patients with chronic low back pain. Pain. 2002;97:23-31.
- Yildizeli Topcu S. Relations among pain, pain beliefs, and psychological well-being in patients with chronic pain. Pain Manag Nurs. 2018;19:637-44.
- Jensen MP, Turner JA, Romano JM, Lawler BK. Relationship of pain-specific beliefs to chronic pain adjustment. Pain. 1994;57:301-9.
- Gil KM, Abrams MR, Phillips G, Keefe FJ. Sickle cell disease pain: the relation of coping strategies to adjustment. J Consult Clin Psych. 1989;57:725-31.
- Boothby JL, Thorn BE, Stoud MW, Jensen MP. Coping with chronic pain. In: Gatchel RJ, Turk DJ, eds. Psychosocial factors in pain: critical perspectives, New York: Guilford publications, 1999;343-59.
- Svaldi J, Griepenstroh J, Tuschen-Caffier B, Ehring T. Emotion regulation deficits in eating disorders: a marker of eating pathology or general psychopathology?. Psychiatry Res. 2012;197:103-11.
- Chalk R, Gibbons A, Scarupa HJ. The multiple dimensions of child abuse and neglect: new insights into an old problem. Child Trends Research Brief. 2002. Doi: 10.1037/e479342006-001
- Ehring T, Tuschen-Caffier B, Schnülle J, et al. Emotion regulation and vulnerability to depression: spontaneous versus instructed use of emotion suppression and reappraisal. Emotion. 2010;10:563-72.
- Naragon-Gainey K. Meta-analysis of the relations of anxiety sensitivity to the depressive and anxiety disorders. Psychol Bull. 2010;136:128-50.
- Riquino MR, Priddy SE, Howard MO, Garland EL. Emotion dysregulation as a transdiagnostic mechanism of opioid misuse and suicidality among chronic pain patients. Borderline Personal Disord Emot Dysregul. 2018;5:11.
- Koechlin H, Coakley R, Schechter N, et al. The role of emotion regulation in chronic pain: a systematic literature review. J Psychosom Res. 2018;107:38-45.
- Vialle LR, Wang JC, Lamartina C. AOSpine Masters Series: Back Pain. 8th edition. Thieme medical publishers Inc., New York, 2017.
- Edwards LC, Pearce SA, Turner-Stokes L, Jones A. The Pain Beliefs Questionnaire: an investigation of beliefs in the causes and consequences of pain. Pain. 1992;51:267-72.
- Sertel Berk HÖ. The experience of chronic pain and pain beliefs: The Turkish validation study of the pain beliefs questionnaire. Ph.D thesis, İstanbul University, İstanbul, 2006.
- Melzack R. The short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire. Pain. 1987;30:191-7.
- Yakut Y, Yakut E, Bayar K, Uygur F. Reliability and validity of the Turkish version short-form McGill pain questionnaire in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rheumatol. 2007;26:1083-7.
- Garnefski N, Kraaij V. The cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire. European Journal of Psychological Assessment. 2007;23:141-9.
- Onat O, Otrar M. Adaptation of Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire to Turkish: validity and reliability studies. M.Ü. Atatürk Eğitim Fakültesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi. 2010;31:123-43.
- Kittelson AJ, George SZ, Maluf KS, Stevens-Lapsley JE. Future directions in painful knee osteoarthritis: harnessing complexity in a heterogeneous population. Phys Ther. 2014;94:422-32.
- Lin I, Wiles L, Waller R, et al. What does best practice care for musculoskeletal pain look like? Eleven consistent recommendations from high-quality clinical practice guidelines: systematic review. Br J Sports Med. 2020;54:79-86.
- Hartvigsen J, Hancock MJ, Kongsted A, et al.; Lancet Low Back Pain Series Working Group. What low back pain is and why we need to pay attention. Lancet. 2018;391:2356-67.
- Kırpınar İ. Ağrı ve depresyon. In: Bekaroğlu M, ed, Depresyon III. Anadolu psikiyatri günleri, 1st edition, Karadeniz Ruhsağlığı Yayınları, Trabzon, 1995: 231-9.
- Öztürk Birge A, Mollaoğlu M. Pain beliefs of patients and the nonpharmacological methods they use to manage the pain. Agri. 2018;30:84-92.
- Ulus B, Irban A, Bakırcı N, et al. Determination of pain characteristics, pain belief and risk of depression among elderly residents living at nursing home. Turk Geriatri Dergisi 2014;17:180-7.
- Gravani S, Matiatou M, Nikolaidis PT, et al. Anxiety and depression affect early postoperative pain dimensions after bariatric surgery. J Clin Med. 2020;10:53.
- Leeuw M, Goossens ME, Linton SJ, et al. The fear-avoidance model of musculoskeletal pain: current state of scientific evidence. J Behav Med. 2007;30:77-94.
- Ruiz-Aranda D, Salguero JM, Fernández-Berrocal P. Emotional regulation and acute pain perception in women. J Pain. 2010;11:564-9.
Year 2024,
Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 249 - 254, 16.05.2024
Abstract
References
- Kuru T, Yeldan İ, Zengin A, et al. The prevalence of pain and different pain treatments in adults. AĞRI. 2011;23:22-7.
- Merskey H, Bogduk N. Classification of chronic pain. 2nd Edition, IASP Task Force on Taxonomy. IASP Press, Seattle. 1994;209-14.
- Eisenberg L. What makes persons "patients" and patients "well? Am J Med. 1980;69:277-86.
- Reed BD, Haefner HK, Punch MR, et al. Psychosocial and sexual functioning in women with vulvodynia and chronic pelvic pain. A comparative evaluation. J Reprod Med. 2000;45:624-32.
- Bryant C, Cockburn R, Plante AF, Chia A. The psychological profile of women presenting to a multidisciplinary clinic for chronic pelvic pain: high levels of psychological dysfunction and implications for practice. J Pain Res. 2016;16:1049-56.
- Jahre H, Grotle M, Smedbråten K, et al. Risk factors for non-specific neck pain in young adults. A systematic review. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2020;21:366.
- Nieminen LK, Pyysalo LM, Kankaanpää MJ. Prognostic factors for pain chronicity in low back pain: a systematic review. Pain Rep. 2021;6:e919.
- Oliveira DS, Vélia Ferreira Mendonça L, Sofia Monteiro Sampaio R, et al. The impact of anxiety and depression on the outcomes of chronic low back pain multidisciplinary pain management-a multicenter prospective cohort study in pain clinics with one-year follow-up. Pain Med. 2019;20:736-46.
- Hallegraeff JM, Kan R, van Trijffel E, et al. State anxiety improves prediction of pain and pain-related disability after 12 weeks in patients with acute low back pain: a cohort study. J Physiother. 2020;66:39-44.
- Turk DC, Okifuji A. Psychological factors in chronic pain: evolution and revolution. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2002;70:678-90.
- Çeliker R. Chronic Pain Syndromes. Turk J Phys Med Rehab. 2005;51:B14-8.
- Peker Salt D. Ağrı yakınması olan hastalarda yaşam kalitesi, başa çıkma tutumları ve depresif belirtilerin ağrı algısı i̇le i̇lişkisi. Master thesis, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, 2007.
- Rainville J, Ahern DK, Phalen L. Altering beliefs about pain and impairment in a functionally oriented treatment program for chronic low back pain. Clin J Pain. 1993;9:196-201.
- Walsh DA, Radcliffe JC. Pain beliefs and perceived physical disability of patients with chronic low back pain. Pain. 2002;97:23-31.
- Yildizeli Topcu S. Relations among pain, pain beliefs, and psychological well-being in patients with chronic pain. Pain Manag Nurs. 2018;19:637-44.
- Jensen MP, Turner JA, Romano JM, Lawler BK. Relationship of pain-specific beliefs to chronic pain adjustment. Pain. 1994;57:301-9.
- Gil KM, Abrams MR, Phillips G, Keefe FJ. Sickle cell disease pain: the relation of coping strategies to adjustment. J Consult Clin Psych. 1989;57:725-31.
- Boothby JL, Thorn BE, Stoud MW, Jensen MP. Coping with chronic pain. In: Gatchel RJ, Turk DJ, eds. Psychosocial factors in pain: critical perspectives, New York: Guilford publications, 1999;343-59.
- Svaldi J, Griepenstroh J, Tuschen-Caffier B, Ehring T. Emotion regulation deficits in eating disorders: a marker of eating pathology or general psychopathology?. Psychiatry Res. 2012;197:103-11.
- Chalk R, Gibbons A, Scarupa HJ. The multiple dimensions of child abuse and neglect: new insights into an old problem. Child Trends Research Brief. 2002. Doi: 10.1037/e479342006-001
- Ehring T, Tuschen-Caffier B, Schnülle J, et al. Emotion regulation and vulnerability to depression: spontaneous versus instructed use of emotion suppression and reappraisal. Emotion. 2010;10:563-72.
- Naragon-Gainey K. Meta-analysis of the relations of anxiety sensitivity to the depressive and anxiety disorders. Psychol Bull. 2010;136:128-50.
- Riquino MR, Priddy SE, Howard MO, Garland EL. Emotion dysregulation as a transdiagnostic mechanism of opioid misuse and suicidality among chronic pain patients. Borderline Personal Disord Emot Dysregul. 2018;5:11.
- Koechlin H, Coakley R, Schechter N, et al. The role of emotion regulation in chronic pain: a systematic literature review. J Psychosom Res. 2018;107:38-45.
- Vialle LR, Wang JC, Lamartina C. AOSpine Masters Series: Back Pain. 8th edition. Thieme medical publishers Inc., New York, 2017.
- Edwards LC, Pearce SA, Turner-Stokes L, Jones A. The Pain Beliefs Questionnaire: an investigation of beliefs in the causes and consequences of pain. Pain. 1992;51:267-72.
- Sertel Berk HÖ. The experience of chronic pain and pain beliefs: The Turkish validation study of the pain beliefs questionnaire. Ph.D thesis, İstanbul University, İstanbul, 2006.
- Melzack R. The short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire. Pain. 1987;30:191-7.
- Yakut Y, Yakut E, Bayar K, Uygur F. Reliability and validity of the Turkish version short-form McGill pain questionnaire in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rheumatol. 2007;26:1083-7.
- Garnefski N, Kraaij V. The cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire. European Journal of Psychological Assessment. 2007;23:141-9.
- Onat O, Otrar M. Adaptation of Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire to Turkish: validity and reliability studies. M.Ü. Atatürk Eğitim Fakültesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi. 2010;31:123-43.
- Kittelson AJ, George SZ, Maluf KS, Stevens-Lapsley JE. Future directions in painful knee osteoarthritis: harnessing complexity in a heterogeneous population. Phys Ther. 2014;94:422-32.
- Lin I, Wiles L, Waller R, et al. What does best practice care for musculoskeletal pain look like? Eleven consistent recommendations from high-quality clinical practice guidelines: systematic review. Br J Sports Med. 2020;54:79-86.
- Hartvigsen J, Hancock MJ, Kongsted A, et al.; Lancet Low Back Pain Series Working Group. What low back pain is and why we need to pay attention. Lancet. 2018;391:2356-67.
- Kırpınar İ. Ağrı ve depresyon. In: Bekaroğlu M, ed, Depresyon III. Anadolu psikiyatri günleri, 1st edition, Karadeniz Ruhsağlığı Yayınları, Trabzon, 1995: 231-9.
- Öztürk Birge A, Mollaoğlu M. Pain beliefs of patients and the nonpharmacological methods they use to manage the pain. Agri. 2018;30:84-92.
- Ulus B, Irban A, Bakırcı N, et al. Determination of pain characteristics, pain belief and risk of depression among elderly residents living at nursing home. Turk Geriatri Dergisi 2014;17:180-7.
- Gravani S, Matiatou M, Nikolaidis PT, et al. Anxiety and depression affect early postoperative pain dimensions after bariatric surgery. J Clin Med. 2020;10:53.
- Leeuw M, Goossens ME, Linton SJ, et al. The fear-avoidance model of musculoskeletal pain: current state of scientific evidence. J Behav Med. 2007;30:77-94.
- Ruiz-Aranda D, Salguero JM, Fernández-Berrocal P. Emotional regulation and acute pain perception in women. J Pain. 2010;11:564-9.
There are 40 citations in total.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Psychiatry |
| Journal Section | Original Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | May 16, 2024 |
| Submission Date | April 15, 2024 |
| Acceptance Date | May 5, 2024 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2024 Volume: 6 Issue: 2 |
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Address: İzmir Bakırçay University, Department of Anatomy, İzmir, Türkiye
Assoc. Prof. Deniz Şenol
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