Abstract
Dematiaceous fungi (black fungi) are a heterogeneous group of fungi present in diverse environments worldwide. Many species in this group are known for surviving in extreme conditions, especially in tropical and subtropical climates. In this study, a total of 16 water samples which were obtained seasonally from 4 different saltpans predetermined in the Çamaltı Saltern were studied. The isolation of fungi was performed by membrane filtration method using DRBC and DRBC10 media. The isolated fungi were identified based on their morphological characteristics and the identification was supported by internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-based phylogenetic analysis.
The average numbers of colonies were determined to be 15 CFU / 100 ml and 24 CFU / 100 ml on DRBC and DRBC10 media, respectively. Thirty species of 10 genera were identified. The genera are as follows: Alternaria, Arthrinium, Biscogniauxia, Chaetomium, Cladosporium, Drechslera, Phomopsis, Pithomyces, Stachybotrys and Stemphylium. According to their relative abundance, the dominant genera isolated on DRBC medium were Cladosporium (52%), Alternaria (35%) and Chaetomium (6%), while Alternaria (50%) and Cladosporium (47%) on the DRBC10 medium. The fungi isolated from Çamaltı Saltern water samples were found to belong mainly to Capnodiales and Pleosporales. This study represents the first survey of dematiaceous fungi in İzmir Çamaltı Saltern and provides data on their diversity and distribution.
Supporting Institution
ESKİŞEHİR OSMANGAZİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ
Project Number
201319A101
Thanks
This study was supported by Scientific Research Projects Commission of Eskişehir Osmangazi University with a Project number of 201319A101.
References
- Abdel-Hafez, S. (1981). Halophilic fungi of desert soils in Saudi Arabia. Mycopathol., 75(2), 75-80.
- Altschul, S. F., Gish, W., Miller, W., Myers, E. W., and Lipman, D. J. (1990). Basic local alignment search tool. J. Molecular Biol., 215(3), 403-410.
- Altschul, S. F., Madden, T. L., Schäffer, A. A., Zhang, J., Zhang, Z., Miller, W., & Lipman, D. J. (1997). Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs. Nucleic Acids Res., 25(17), 3389-3402.
- Barnett, H., and Hunter, B. (1999). Illustrated genera of imperfect fungi (4th ed.): St. Paul: APS.
- Buchalo, A., Nevo, E., Wasser, S., Oren, A., and Molitoris, H. (1998). Fungal life in the extremely hypersaline water of the Dead Sea: first records. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 265(1404), 1461-1465.
- Butinar, L., Sonjak, S., Zalar, P., Plemenitaš, A., & Gunde-Cimerman, N. (2005). Melanized halophilic fungi are eukaryotic members of microbial communities in hypersaline waters of solar salterns. Botanica Marina, 48(1), 73-79.
- Cantrell, S. A., Casillas-Martínez, L., and Molina, M. (2006). Characterization of fungi from hypersaline environments of solar salterns using morphological and molecular techniques. Mycol Res, 110(8), 962-970.
- Cronin, E. A., and Post, F. J. (1977). Report of a dematiaceous hyphomycete from the Great Salt Lake, Utah. Mycologia, 69(4), 846-847.
- Diguță, C. F., Proca, I. G., Jurcoane, Ș., and Matei, F. (2018). Molecular characterization by PCR-RFLP of indigenous fungal isolates from hypersaline stream water in România. Folia Microbiologica, 1-8.
- Ellis, M. B. (1965). Dematiaceous hyphomycetes. Commonwealth Mycological Institute. Kew.
- Fotedar, R., Kolecka, A., Boekhout, T., Fell, J. W., Al-Malki, A., Zeyara, A., & Al Marri, M. (2018). Fungal diversity of the hypersaline Inland Sea in Qatar. Botanica Marina, 61(6), 595-609.
- Geer, L. Y., Marchler-Bauer, A., Geer, R. C., Han, L., He, J., He, S., . . . Bryant, S. H. (2010). The NCBI BioSystems database. Nucleic Acids Res., 38(suppl_1), D492-D496.
- Graham, G., Mayers, P., and Henry, R. (1994). A simplified method for the preparation of fungal genomic DNA for PCR and RAPD analysis. Biotechniques, 16(1), 48-50.
- Gunde-Cimerman, N., and Zalar, P. (2014). Extremely halotolerant and halophilic fungi inhabit brine in solar salterns around the globe. Food Technol. Biotechnol. 52(2), 170-179.
- Gunde-Cimerman, N., Zalar, P., de Hoog, S., and Plemenitaš, A. (2000). Hypersaline waters in salterns–natural ecological niches for halophilic black yeasts. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 32(3), 235-240.
- King Jr, A., Hocking, A., and Pitt, J. (1979). Dichloran-rose bengal medium for enumeration and isolation of molds from foods. Appl. and Environ. Microbiol., 37(5), 959-964.
- Kis-Papo, T., Oren, A., Wasser, S., and Nevo, E. (2003). Survival of filamentous fungi in hypersaline Dead Sea water. Microbial Ecol., 45(2), 183-190.
- Koru, E., and Perçin, F. (2018). Characteristics of Biological Systems in Çamaltı Solar Saltworks (İzmir/Turkey). Qual. Stud. (NWSAQS), 13(3), 15-25. Maria, G., and Sridhar, K. (2003). Diversity of filamentous fungi on woody litter of five mangrove plant species from the southwest coast of India. Fungal Divers., 14, 109-126.
- Mc Carthy. (1996). Chromas, (Version 1.45). School of Health science, Griffifth University, Gold Coast Campus: Queensland, Australia. Murray, M., and Thompson, W. (1980). Rapid isolation of high molecular weight plant DNA. Nucleic Acids Res., 8(19), 4321-4326.
- Pitt, J. I., and Hocking, A. A. D. (2009). Fungi and food spoilage. Springer.
- Samson, R. A., Seifert, K. A., Kuijpers, A. F., Houbraken, J., and Frisvad, J. C. (2004). Phylogenetic analysis of Penicillium subgenus Penicillium using partial β-tubulin sequences. Stud Mycol., 49, 175-200.
- Sarma, V., and Hyde, K. D. (2001). A review on frequently occurring fungi in mangroves. Fungal Divers., 8, 1-34. Schubert, K., Groenewald, J. Z., Braun, U., Dijksterhuis, J., Starink, M., Hill, C., . . . Crous, P. W. (2007). Biodiversity in the Cladosporium herbarum complex (Davidiellaceae, Capnodiales), with standardisation of methods for Cladosporium taxonomy and diagnostics. Stud Mycol, 58(1), 105-156.
- Selbmann, L., Zucconi, L., Isola, D., & Onofri, S. J. C. g. (2015). Rock black fungi: excellence in the extremes, from the Antarctic to space. Curr. Genet., 61(3), 335-345.
- Simmons, E. G. (2007). Alternaria: An Identification Manual. American Society of Microbiology Washington D.C. USA.
- Steiman, R., Ford, L., Ducros, V., Lafond, J.-L., and Guiraud, P. (2004). First survey of fungi in hypersaline soil and water of Mono Lake area (California). Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 85(1), 69-83.
- Tamura, K., Peterson, D., Peterson, N., Stecher, G., Nei, M., and Kumar, S. (2011). MEGA5: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods. Mol. Bio.l Evol., 28(10), 2731-2739. White, T., Bruns, T., Lee, S., and Taylor, J. (1990). Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In PCR protocols: a guide to methods and applications (pp. 315-322): Academic Press.
- Yenice Gursu, B., Aytar, P., Ilhan, S., Kocabiyik, Y. E., Gedikli, S., and Cabuk, A. (2017). Diversity of microfungi in acid mine drainages. Biol. Divers. Conserv., 10(3), 184-192.
Abstract
Dematiaceous funguslar (siyah funguslar) tüm dünyada çeşitli ortamlarda bulunan heterojen bir mantar grubudur. Bu gruptaki birçok türün, özellikle tropikal ve subtropikal iklimlerde, ekstrem koşullarda yaşadığı bilinmektedir. Bu çalışmada, Çamaltı tuzlasında belirlenen 4 farklı havuzdan mevsimsel olarak alınan toplam 16 su örneği çalışılmıştır. Mikrofungusların izolasyonu DRBC ve DRBC10 besiyerlerinde membran filtrasyon yöntemi ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. İzole edilen mikrofunguslar morfolojik özellikleri esas alınarak tanımlanmış ve ITS’ye dayalı filogenetik analiz ile desteklenmiştir.
Ortalama koloni sayısı DRBC besiyerinde 15 KOB / 100 ml ve DRBC10 besiyerinde 24 KOB / 100 ml bulunmuştur. Sonuç olarak, 10 cinse ait 30 tür belirlenmiştir. Bu cinsler; Alternaria, Arthrinium, Biscogniauxia, Chaetomium, Cladosporium, Drechslera, Phomopsis, Pithomyces, Stachybotrys ve Stemphylium’dur. Göreceli bolluklarına göre, izole edilen baskın cinsler DRBC besiyerinde Cladosporium (%52), Alternaria (%35) ve Chaetomium (%6) iken DRBC10 besiyerinde Alternaria (%50) ve Cladosporium (%47) olarak belirlenmiştir. Çamaltı Tuzlası tuzlu su örneklerinden izole edilen mikrofungusların ağırlıklı olarak Capnodiales ve Pleosporales takımlarına ait olduğu görülmüştür. Bu çalışma İzmir Çamaltı Tuzlasındaki Dematiaceous fungus çeşitliliği üzerine yapılan ilk çalışmayı temsil etmektedir.
Project Number
201319A101
References
- Abdel-Hafez, S. (1981). Halophilic fungi of desert soils in Saudi Arabia. Mycopathol., 75(2), 75-80.
- Altschul, S. F., Gish, W., Miller, W., Myers, E. W., and Lipman, D. J. (1990). Basic local alignment search tool. J. Molecular Biol., 215(3), 403-410.
- Altschul, S. F., Madden, T. L., Schäffer, A. A., Zhang, J., Zhang, Z., Miller, W., & Lipman, D. J. (1997). Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs. Nucleic Acids Res., 25(17), 3389-3402.
- Barnett, H., and Hunter, B. (1999). Illustrated genera of imperfect fungi (4th ed.): St. Paul: APS.
- Buchalo, A., Nevo, E., Wasser, S., Oren, A., and Molitoris, H. (1998). Fungal life in the extremely hypersaline water of the Dead Sea: first records. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 265(1404), 1461-1465.
- Butinar, L., Sonjak, S., Zalar, P., Plemenitaš, A., & Gunde-Cimerman, N. (2005). Melanized halophilic fungi are eukaryotic members of microbial communities in hypersaline waters of solar salterns. Botanica Marina, 48(1), 73-79.
- Cantrell, S. A., Casillas-Martínez, L., and Molina, M. (2006). Characterization of fungi from hypersaline environments of solar salterns using morphological and molecular techniques. Mycol Res, 110(8), 962-970.
- Cronin, E. A., and Post, F. J. (1977). Report of a dematiaceous hyphomycete from the Great Salt Lake, Utah. Mycologia, 69(4), 846-847.
- Diguță, C. F., Proca, I. G., Jurcoane, Ș., and Matei, F. (2018). Molecular characterization by PCR-RFLP of indigenous fungal isolates from hypersaline stream water in România. Folia Microbiologica, 1-8.
- Ellis, M. B. (1965). Dematiaceous hyphomycetes. Commonwealth Mycological Institute. Kew.
- Fotedar, R., Kolecka, A., Boekhout, T., Fell, J. W., Al-Malki, A., Zeyara, A., & Al Marri, M. (2018). Fungal diversity of the hypersaline Inland Sea in Qatar. Botanica Marina, 61(6), 595-609.
- Geer, L. Y., Marchler-Bauer, A., Geer, R. C., Han, L., He, J., He, S., . . . Bryant, S. H. (2010). The NCBI BioSystems database. Nucleic Acids Res., 38(suppl_1), D492-D496.
- Graham, G., Mayers, P., and Henry, R. (1994). A simplified method for the preparation of fungal genomic DNA for PCR and RAPD analysis. Biotechniques, 16(1), 48-50.
- Gunde-Cimerman, N., and Zalar, P. (2014). Extremely halotolerant and halophilic fungi inhabit brine in solar salterns around the globe. Food Technol. Biotechnol. 52(2), 170-179.
- Gunde-Cimerman, N., Zalar, P., de Hoog, S., and Plemenitaš, A. (2000). Hypersaline waters in salterns–natural ecological niches for halophilic black yeasts. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 32(3), 235-240.
- King Jr, A., Hocking, A., and Pitt, J. (1979). Dichloran-rose bengal medium for enumeration and isolation of molds from foods. Appl. and Environ. Microbiol., 37(5), 959-964.
- Kis-Papo, T., Oren, A., Wasser, S., and Nevo, E. (2003). Survival of filamentous fungi in hypersaline Dead Sea water. Microbial Ecol., 45(2), 183-190.
- Koru, E., and Perçin, F. (2018). Characteristics of Biological Systems in Çamaltı Solar Saltworks (İzmir/Turkey). Qual. Stud. (NWSAQS), 13(3), 15-25. Maria, G., and Sridhar, K. (2003). Diversity of filamentous fungi on woody litter of five mangrove plant species from the southwest coast of India. Fungal Divers., 14, 109-126.
- Mc Carthy. (1996). Chromas, (Version 1.45). School of Health science, Griffifth University, Gold Coast Campus: Queensland, Australia. Murray, M., and Thompson, W. (1980). Rapid isolation of high molecular weight plant DNA. Nucleic Acids Res., 8(19), 4321-4326.
- Pitt, J. I., and Hocking, A. A. D. (2009). Fungi and food spoilage. Springer.
- Samson, R. A., Seifert, K. A., Kuijpers, A. F., Houbraken, J., and Frisvad, J. C. (2004). Phylogenetic analysis of Penicillium subgenus Penicillium using partial β-tubulin sequences. Stud Mycol., 49, 175-200.
- Sarma, V., and Hyde, K. D. (2001). A review on frequently occurring fungi in mangroves. Fungal Divers., 8, 1-34. Schubert, K., Groenewald, J. Z., Braun, U., Dijksterhuis, J., Starink, M., Hill, C., . . . Crous, P. W. (2007). Biodiversity in the Cladosporium herbarum complex (Davidiellaceae, Capnodiales), with standardisation of methods for Cladosporium taxonomy and diagnostics. Stud Mycol, 58(1), 105-156.
- Selbmann, L., Zucconi, L., Isola, D., & Onofri, S. J. C. g. (2015). Rock black fungi: excellence in the extremes, from the Antarctic to space. Curr. Genet., 61(3), 335-345.
- Simmons, E. G. (2007). Alternaria: An Identification Manual. American Society of Microbiology Washington D.C. USA.
- Steiman, R., Ford, L., Ducros, V., Lafond, J.-L., and Guiraud, P. (2004). First survey of fungi in hypersaline soil and water of Mono Lake area (California). Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 85(1), 69-83.
- Tamura, K., Peterson, D., Peterson, N., Stecher, G., Nei, M., and Kumar, S. (2011). MEGA5: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods. Mol. Bio.l Evol., 28(10), 2731-2739. White, T., Bruns, T., Lee, S., and Taylor, J. (1990). Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In PCR protocols: a guide to methods and applications (pp. 315-322): Academic Press.
- Yenice Gursu, B., Aytar, P., Ilhan, S., Kocabiyik, Y. E., Gedikli, S., and Cabuk, A. (2017). Diversity of microfungi in acid mine drainages. Biol. Divers. Conserv., 10(3), 184-192.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Journal Section | RESEARCH ARTICLE |
| Authors | |
| Project Number | 201319A101 |
| Publication Date | April 27, 2020 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2020 Volume: 11 Issue: 1 |
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