Research Article
Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Efficacy of Thymus fallax Essential Oil against Foodborne Spoilage and Pathogenic Microorganisms
Abstract
The essential oil extracted from Thymus fallax Fisch. et Mey., a plant traditionally employed in folk medicine, underwent chemical composition analysis through both gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) techniques. A total of 28 components were identified, collectively constituting 79.0% of the total detected constituents. The predominant compounds were determined to be 1,8 cineol (9.9%), linalool (8.8%), and camphor (8.1%).
The antimicrobial potential of essential oils extracted from the aerial parts of the plant was assessed against various microorganisms, encompassing both foodborne spoilage and pathogenic bacteria and yeast. The essential oil demonstrated notable antibacterial and antifungal efficacy, with the level of activity increasing in proportion to the quantity of essential oil applied.
References
- Awad A M, Kumar P, Ismail-Fitry M R, Jusoh S, Ab Aziz M F, Sazili A Q (2022). Overview of plant extracts as natural preservatives in meat. J. Food Process. Preserv. 46, e16796
- Bagamboula C F, Uyttendaele M, Debevere J (2004). Inhibitory effect of thyme and basil essential oils, carvacrol, thymol, estragol, linalool and p-cymene towards Shigella sonnei and S. flexneri. Food Microbiology 21: 33-42
- Bagci E and Baser K H C (2005). Study of the essential oils of Thymus haussknechtii Velen and Thymus kotschyanus Boiss. et Hohen var. kotschyanus (Lamiaceae) taxa from the eastern Anatolian region in Turkey. Flavour and Fragrance Journal 20: 199-202
- Bakkali F, Averbeck S, Averbeck D, Idaomar M (2008). Biological effects of essential oils: a review. Food and Chemical Toxicology.46: 446-475 PMid:17996351
- Baytop T (1997). Turkçe Bitki Adlari Sozlugu. Ataturk Kultur, Dil Ve Tarih Yuksek Kurumu, Turk Dil Kurumu Yayinlari, Ankara
- Bosnić T, Softić D, Grujić-Vasić J (2006). Antimicrobial Activity of Some Essential Oils and Major Constituents of Essential Oils. Acta Medica Academica 35: 19-22
- Burt S. (2004). Essential Oils: Their Antibacterial Properties and Potential Applications in Foods–A Review. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 94: 223-253
- Collins C H, Lyne P M, Grange J M (1995). Microbiological methods (7th ed.). Butterworths, London
- Conner D E (1993). Naturally occurring compounds. In P.M. Davidson and A.L. Branen (eds.). Antimicrobials in Foods. 2nd ed. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, pp. 441-468
- da Cruz Cabral L, Fernández Pinto V, Patriarca A (2013). Application of Plant Derived Compounds to Control Fungal Spoilage and Mycotoxin Production in Foods. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 166: 1-14
- Davis P H (1982). Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Vol. 7. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh
- Dwivedi S, Prajapati P, Vyas N, Malviya S, Kharia A (2017). A Review on Food Preservation: Methods, Harmful Effects and Better Alternatives. Asian J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 3: 193-199
- Goze I, Alim A, Cetinus S A, Durmus N, Vural N, Goze H M (2009). Chemical composition and antioxidant, antimicrobial, antispasmodic activities of the essential oil of Thymus fallax Fisch. Mey. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 3(3): 174-178
- Hendry E R, Worthington T, Conway B R, Lambert P A (2009). Antimicrobial efficacy of eucalyptus oil and 1,8-cineole alone and in combination with chlorhexidine digluconate against microorganisms grown in planktonic and biofilm cultures. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 64(6): 1219-1225
- Hou T, Sana S S, Li H, Xing Y, Nanda A, Netala V R, Zhang Z (2022). Essential oils and its antibacterial, antifungal and anti-oxidant activity applications: A review. Food Biosci. 47: 101716
- Jay J M (2000). Modern Food Microbiology. 6th ed. Aspen Publishers, Inc., Maryland
- Kotan R, Cakir A, Dadasoglu F, Aydin T, Cakmakci R, Ozer H, Kordali S, Mete E, Dikbas N (2010). Antibacterial activities of essential oils and extracts of Turkish Achillea, Satureja and Thymus species against plant pathogenic bacteria. J Sci Food Agric., 90(1): 145-160
- Krist S, Sato K, Glasl S, Hoeferl M, Saukel J (2008). Antimicrobial effect of vapours of terpineol, (R)-(–)-linalool, carvacrol, (S)-(–)-perillaldehyde and 1,8-cineole on airborne microbes using a room diffuser. Flavour and Fragrance Journal 23(5): 353-356
- Küçükbay F Z, Kuyumcu E, Çelen S, Azaz A D, Arabacı T (2014) . Chemical Composition of the Essential Oils of Three Thymus Taxa from Turkey with Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities, A.C.G. Publications, Rec. Nat. Prod. 8(2): 110-120.
- Maciel M S P, Reis A S, Fidelis Q C (2022). Antileishmanial potential of species from the family Lamiaceae: chemical and biological aspects of non-volatile compounds. Acta Trop. 106309.
- Millezi A F, Caixeta D S, Rossoni D F, Cardoso M G, Piccoli R H (2012). In vitro antimicrobial properties of plant essential oils thymus vulgaris, Cymbopogon citratus and Laurus nobilis against five important foodborne pathogens, Ciênc. Tecnol. Aliment., Campinas, 32(1): 167-172
- Moshaverinia M, Sahmeddini S, Lavee F, Zareshahrabadi Z, Zomorodian K (2022). Antimicrobial and Anti-Biofilm Activities of Thymus fallax Essential Oil against Oral Pathogens. Hindawi, BioMed Research International Volume, Article ID 9744153
- Murray P R, Baron E J, Pfaller N A (1995). Manual of clinic microbiology. ASM Press, Washington
- Nieto G (2017). Biological activities of three essential oils of the Lamiaceae family.Medicine 4(3): 63
- Nychas G J E (1995). Natural antimicrobials from plants.In G.W. Gould (ed.). New Methods of Food Preservation. Chapman and Hall, Glasgow, pp. 58-89.
- Oliver S P, Jayarao B M, Almeida R A (2005). Foodborne Pathogens, Mastitis, Milk Quality, and Dairy Food Safety. NMC Annual Meeting Proceedings, Pennsylvania.
- Ozturk S and Ercisli S (2005). Broad-Spectrum Antibacterial Properties of Thymus fallax. Pharmaceutical Biology. 43(7): 609-613
- Przybylska-Balcerek A, Szablewski T, Cegielska-Radziejewska R, Góral T, Kurasiak-Popowska D, Stuper-Szablewska K (2022). Assessment of Antimicrobial Properties of Phenolic Acid Extracts from Grain Infected with Fungi from the Genus Fusarium. Molecules 27: 1741
- Ray B (2001). Fundamental Food Microbiology. 2nd ed. CRC Press LLC, Florida
- Safaei-Ghomi J and Batooli H (2010). Determination of Bioactive Molecules from Flowers, Leaves, Stems and Roots of Perovskia abrotanoides Karel Growing in Central Iran by Nano Scale Injection. Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and Biostructures 5(2): 551-556
- Santoyo S, Cavero S, Jaime L, Ibañez E, Señoráns F J, Reglero G (2005). Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oil obtained via supercritical fluid extraction. Journal of Food Protection 68(4): 790-795
- Sateriale D, Forgione G, Anna De Cristofaro G, Facchiano S, Boscaino F, Pagliuca C, Colicchio R, Salvatore P, Paolucci M, Pagliarulo C (2022). Towards Green Strategies of Food Security: Antibacterial Synergy of Essential Oils from Thymus vulgaris and Syzygium aromaticum to Inhibit Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus Pathogenic Food Isolates. Microorganisms 10: 2446
- Sokmen A, Jones B M, Erturk M (1999). The in vitro antibacterial activity of Turkish medicinal plants. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 67: 79-86
- Tian F, Decker E A, McClements D J, Goddard J M (2014). Influence of Non-Migratory Metal-Chelating Active Packaging Film on Food Quality: Impact on Physical and Chemical Stability of Emulsions. Food Chem. 151: 257-265
- Unal E L, Mavi A, Kara A A, Cakir A, Şengül M, Yildirim A (2008). Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Some Plants Used as Remedies in Turkish Traditional Medicine. Pharmaceutical Biology 46(3): 207-224
- Vuuren S F and Viljoen A M (2007). Antimicrobial activity of limonene enantiomers and 1,8-cineole alone and in combination. Flavour and Fragrance Journal 22(6): 540-544
- WHO (2002). Fact Sheet 237: Food Safety and Foodborne Illness. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs237/ en/, accessed 5/5/04
Thymus fallax Esansiyel Yağının Kimyasal Bileşimi ve Gıda Kaynaklı Bozulmaya ve Patojenik Mikroorganizmalara Karşı Antimikrobiyal Etkinliği
Abstract
Geleneksel olarak halk tıbbında kullanılan bir bitki olan Thymus fallax Fisch. Et Mey.’den elde edilen uçucu yağ hem gaz kromatografisi (GC) hem de gaz kromatografisi-kütle spektrometrisi (GC/MS) teknikleri ile kimyasal bileşim analizine tabi tutuldu. Tespit edilen bileşenlerin %79,0'ını oluşturan toplam 28 bileşen tanımlandı. Baskın bileşiklerin 1,8 sineol (%9,9), linalool (%8,8) ve kafur (%8,1) olduğu belirlendi.
Bitkinin toprak üstü kısımlarından ekstrakte edilen uçucu yağın antimikrobiyal potansiyeli, hem gıda kaynaklı bozulmalara sebep olan hem de patojenik bakteri ve mayaları da kapsayan çeşitli mikroorganizmalara karşı değerlendirildi. Esansiyel uçucu yağ, uygulanan esansiyel yağın miktarıyla orantılı olarak artan aktivite seviyesi ile dikkate değer bir antibakteriyel ve antifungal etkinlik göstermiştir.
References
- Awad A M, Kumar P, Ismail-Fitry M R, Jusoh S, Ab Aziz M F, Sazili A Q (2022). Overview of plant extracts as natural preservatives in meat. J. Food Process. Preserv. 46, e16796
- Bagamboula C F, Uyttendaele M, Debevere J (2004). Inhibitory effect of thyme and basil essential oils, carvacrol, thymol, estragol, linalool and p-cymene towards Shigella sonnei and S. flexneri. Food Microbiology 21: 33-42
- Bagci E and Baser K H C (2005). Study of the essential oils of Thymus haussknechtii Velen and Thymus kotschyanus Boiss. et Hohen var. kotschyanus (Lamiaceae) taxa from the eastern Anatolian region in Turkey. Flavour and Fragrance Journal 20: 199-202
- Bakkali F, Averbeck S, Averbeck D, Idaomar M (2008). Biological effects of essential oils: a review. Food and Chemical Toxicology.46: 446-475 PMid:17996351
- Baytop T (1997). Turkçe Bitki Adlari Sozlugu. Ataturk Kultur, Dil Ve Tarih Yuksek Kurumu, Turk Dil Kurumu Yayinlari, Ankara
- Bosnić T, Softić D, Grujić-Vasić J (2006). Antimicrobial Activity of Some Essential Oils and Major Constituents of Essential Oils. Acta Medica Academica 35: 19-22
- Burt S. (2004). Essential Oils: Their Antibacterial Properties and Potential Applications in Foods–A Review. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 94: 223-253
- Collins C H, Lyne P M, Grange J M (1995). Microbiological methods (7th ed.). Butterworths, London
- Conner D E (1993). Naturally occurring compounds. In P.M. Davidson and A.L. Branen (eds.). Antimicrobials in Foods. 2nd ed. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, pp. 441-468
- da Cruz Cabral L, Fernández Pinto V, Patriarca A (2013). Application of Plant Derived Compounds to Control Fungal Spoilage and Mycotoxin Production in Foods. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 166: 1-14
- Davis P H (1982). Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Vol. 7. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh
- Dwivedi S, Prajapati P, Vyas N, Malviya S, Kharia A (2017). A Review on Food Preservation: Methods, Harmful Effects and Better Alternatives. Asian J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 3: 193-199
- Goze I, Alim A, Cetinus S A, Durmus N, Vural N, Goze H M (2009). Chemical composition and antioxidant, antimicrobial, antispasmodic activities of the essential oil of Thymus fallax Fisch. Mey. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 3(3): 174-178
- Hendry E R, Worthington T, Conway B R, Lambert P A (2009). Antimicrobial efficacy of eucalyptus oil and 1,8-cineole alone and in combination with chlorhexidine digluconate against microorganisms grown in planktonic and biofilm cultures. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 64(6): 1219-1225
- Hou T, Sana S S, Li H, Xing Y, Nanda A, Netala V R, Zhang Z (2022). Essential oils and its antibacterial, antifungal and anti-oxidant activity applications: A review. Food Biosci. 47: 101716
- Jay J M (2000). Modern Food Microbiology. 6th ed. Aspen Publishers, Inc., Maryland
- Kotan R, Cakir A, Dadasoglu F, Aydin T, Cakmakci R, Ozer H, Kordali S, Mete E, Dikbas N (2010). Antibacterial activities of essential oils and extracts of Turkish Achillea, Satureja and Thymus species against plant pathogenic bacteria. J Sci Food Agric., 90(1): 145-160
- Krist S, Sato K, Glasl S, Hoeferl M, Saukel J (2008). Antimicrobial effect of vapours of terpineol, (R)-(–)-linalool, carvacrol, (S)-(–)-perillaldehyde and 1,8-cineole on airborne microbes using a room diffuser. Flavour and Fragrance Journal 23(5): 353-356
- Küçükbay F Z, Kuyumcu E, Çelen S, Azaz A D, Arabacı T (2014) . Chemical Composition of the Essential Oils of Three Thymus Taxa from Turkey with Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities, A.C.G. Publications, Rec. Nat. Prod. 8(2): 110-120.
- Maciel M S P, Reis A S, Fidelis Q C (2022). Antileishmanial potential of species from the family Lamiaceae: chemical and biological aspects of non-volatile compounds. Acta Trop. 106309.
- Millezi A F, Caixeta D S, Rossoni D F, Cardoso M G, Piccoli R H (2012). In vitro antimicrobial properties of plant essential oils thymus vulgaris, Cymbopogon citratus and Laurus nobilis against five important foodborne pathogens, Ciênc. Tecnol. Aliment., Campinas, 32(1): 167-172
- Moshaverinia M, Sahmeddini S, Lavee F, Zareshahrabadi Z, Zomorodian K (2022). Antimicrobial and Anti-Biofilm Activities of Thymus fallax Essential Oil against Oral Pathogens. Hindawi, BioMed Research International Volume, Article ID 9744153
- Murray P R, Baron E J, Pfaller N A (1995). Manual of clinic microbiology. ASM Press, Washington
- Nieto G (2017). Biological activities of three essential oils of the Lamiaceae family.Medicine 4(3): 63
- Nychas G J E (1995). Natural antimicrobials from plants.In G.W. Gould (ed.). New Methods of Food Preservation. Chapman and Hall, Glasgow, pp. 58-89.
- Oliver S P, Jayarao B M, Almeida R A (2005). Foodborne Pathogens, Mastitis, Milk Quality, and Dairy Food Safety. NMC Annual Meeting Proceedings, Pennsylvania.
- Ozturk S and Ercisli S (2005). Broad-Spectrum Antibacterial Properties of Thymus fallax. Pharmaceutical Biology. 43(7): 609-613
- Przybylska-Balcerek A, Szablewski T, Cegielska-Radziejewska R, Góral T, Kurasiak-Popowska D, Stuper-Szablewska K (2022). Assessment of Antimicrobial Properties of Phenolic Acid Extracts from Grain Infected with Fungi from the Genus Fusarium. Molecules 27: 1741
- Ray B (2001). Fundamental Food Microbiology. 2nd ed. CRC Press LLC, Florida
- Safaei-Ghomi J and Batooli H (2010). Determination of Bioactive Molecules from Flowers, Leaves, Stems and Roots of Perovskia abrotanoides Karel Growing in Central Iran by Nano Scale Injection. Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and Biostructures 5(2): 551-556
- Santoyo S, Cavero S, Jaime L, Ibañez E, Señoráns F J, Reglero G (2005). Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oil obtained via supercritical fluid extraction. Journal of Food Protection 68(4): 790-795
- Sateriale D, Forgione G, Anna De Cristofaro G, Facchiano S, Boscaino F, Pagliuca C, Colicchio R, Salvatore P, Paolucci M, Pagliarulo C (2022). Towards Green Strategies of Food Security: Antibacterial Synergy of Essential Oils from Thymus vulgaris and Syzygium aromaticum to Inhibit Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus Pathogenic Food Isolates. Microorganisms 10: 2446
- Sokmen A, Jones B M, Erturk M (1999). The in vitro antibacterial activity of Turkish medicinal plants. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 67: 79-86
- Tian F, Decker E A, McClements D J, Goddard J M (2014). Influence of Non-Migratory Metal-Chelating Active Packaging Film on Food Quality: Impact on Physical and Chemical Stability of Emulsions. Food Chem. 151: 257-265
- Unal E L, Mavi A, Kara A A, Cakir A, Şengül M, Yildirim A (2008). Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Some Plants Used as Remedies in Turkish Traditional Medicine. Pharmaceutical Biology 46(3): 207-224
- Vuuren S F and Viljoen A M (2007). Antimicrobial activity of limonene enantiomers and 1,8-cineole alone and in combination. Flavour and Fragrance Journal 22(6): 540-544
- WHO (2002). Fact Sheet 237: Food Safety and Foodborne Illness. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs237/ en/, accessed 5/5/04
There are 37 citations in total.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Plant Biochemistry, Plant Biotechnology |
| Journal Section | Research Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | December 31, 2023 |
| Submission Date | November 3, 2023 |
| Acceptance Date | November 13, 2023 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2023 Volume: 3 Issue: 2 |
