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Investigation of Nitrate Pollution in Groundwater Used for Irrigation in Konya Karapinar Region, Central Anatolia

Year 2016, Volume: 19 Issue: 2, 168 - 173, 28.07.2016

Abstract

ABSTRACT: Groundwater nitrate pollution risks via excess agrochemical use are a serious problem for human health, livestock and environment both in Turkeyand the world. This is a particularly serious threat in areas where irrigation is undertaken by groundwater as in the closed basin of Konya in Central Turkey. The 70% of groundwater irrigation wells in Konya run privately or by state institutions. contain  NO3-N level of  greater than 10 mg/L. The remaining wells’ nitrate content varied from 3 mg/L to 10 g/L, which all indicate an anthropogenic pollution although the levels of N is still not harmful for crop production. Moreover, about %20 wells EC is greater than the recommended levels for livestock (EC>1000 mg/L). Thus, the nitrate level of groundwater wells used for irrigation is within the permissible (tolarable) level for agricultural uses. However, the consumption by humans and animals is not recommended, because the irrigation in Konya Closed basin, extends to almost 5 M ha, is undertaken by 100.000 groundwater wells and out of 60% are illegally operated.

This study was conducted from 2009 and 2012 in Karapınar region of the Konya Basin, which is intensively irrigated with ground water. The average NO3-N level of groundwater wells was 11.7 mg/L due to excess irrigation from May to August. During irrigation season 83.4 kg NO3-N.ha-1 was unconsciously applied to fields with irrigation. The high fertilizer use and excess irrigation by groundwater wells in the region necessitate precise calculation of nitrate which is contributed from groundwater wells. Thus, chemical nitrogen use will be optimized for preventing pollution of water resources particularly in sugar beet and second crop maize production as irrigation is undertaken 10 to 12 times and 12 to 15 hours. Otherwise, in near future the environment and human health will face  a serious consequences.

Key Words: Nitrate, Groundwater, Pollution, Konya closed basin.

Konya-Karapınar Bölgesinde, İç Anadolu, Sulama için Kullanılan Yeraltı Sularında Nitrat Kirliliğinin Araştırılması  

Yeraltı sularında nitrat kirliliği  riski aşırı azot gübrelerinin kullanımıyla insan sağlığı, çevre ve çiftlik hayvanları için Türkiye hem de Dünya’da ciddi bir problemdir. Bu durum, özellikle Türkiye’de Konya gibi kapalı havzalarda yeraltı suları ile yapılan sulama alanlarında ciddi bir tehdittir. Konya’daki kamu veya özel kişiler tarafından tarımsal amaçlı sulamalar için açılmış yeraltı su kuyularının % 70’inde NO3-N  dzüeyi 10 mg/L’nin  üzerindedir. Geriye kalan kuyuların N içeriği 3-10 mg /L arasında değişmektedir ki tarımsal üretim için zararlı düzey olmamasına karşın bu insan etkisini ortaya koymaktadır . Ayrıca, su kuyularının % 20‘sinde EC konsantrasyonu tavsiye edilen seviyenin olan EC>1000 mg/L üzerindedir.  Bu nedenle, sulama amaçlı kullanılan yeraltı kuyularında nitrat seviyesitarımsal kullanım için izin verilen değerler içinde iken insanlar ve hayvanlar tarafından kullanımı önerilmemektedir çünkü Konya Kapalı Havzasında neredeyse 5 milyon ha’a ulaşan sulama, %60’ı resmi izin alınmadan işletilen 100.000 yeraltı kuyusundan gerçekleştirilmektedir. Bu çalışma, 2009 ile 2012 yıllarında Konya havzasında sulamanın yoğun olarak yeraltı kuyularıyla yapıldığı Karapınar Bölgesine gerçekleştirilmiştir. Mayıs-Ağustos döneminde aşırı sulamadan dolayı yeraltı kuyu sularında ortalama NO3-N düzeyi 11.7 mg/L‘dir.Sulama dönemindeki 83.4kg NO3-N.ha-1 bilinçsizce sulama ile tarım alanlarına uygulanmaktadır. Yüksek azotlu gübre uygulaması ve nitratça zengin yeraltı sularıyla yapılan aşırı sulamadan dolayı yeraltı kuyularından gelen nitrat hesabı dikkatli yapılmalıdır. Bu yüzden, su kaynaklarının kirliliğini önlemek için kimyasal azot kullanımı özellikle şeker pancarı ve mısır tarımının yoğun olduğu bu bölgede sulama 10-12 kez ve her sulama 12-15 saat süreyle kuyu sularından yapıldığından optimize edilmelidir. Aksi durumda yakın gelecekte çevre ve insan sağlığı sorun yaşayabilecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Nitrat, Yeraltı suyu, Kirlilik, Konya kapalı havza  

References

  • Bauder, T.A., Waskom, R. M., Davis, J. G., Sutherland,P.L. 2011. Irrigation water quality criteria. Colorado State University Extension, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
  • Bellitürk, K., Bağdatlı, M.C., Polat, S., Metinoğlu, M., Adnan, B.A.Ç., Kanarya, G., Karabulut, Ö. 2013. Sulama Suyu Örneklerinde Belirlenen Bazı Makro
  • ve Mikro Elementlerin Çevre Kirliliği Açısından İki Farklı Dönemdeki Değişim Seyri: Kırklareli İli Örneği. Anadolu Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi 4(2): 82-93.
  • Buldur, A.D. 2010. Problems arised for meeting Konya City Drinking water Demand, Selçuk University Ahmet Keleşoğlu Faculty of Education Journal, 30: 195-213 (in Turkish).
  • Chan, T.Y. 2011. Vegetable-borne nitrate and nitrite and the risk of methaemoglobinaemia. Toxicology letters, 200(1), 107-108.
  • Dubrovsky, N.M., Burow, K.R., Clark, G.M., Gronberg, J.M., Hamilton P.A., Hitt, K.J., Mueller, D.K., Munn, M.D., Nolan, B.T. Puckett, L.J., Rupert, M.G., Short, T.M., Spahr, N.E., Sprague, L.A., Wilber, W.G. 2010. The quality of our Nation’s waters—Nutrients in the Nation’s streams and groundwater, 1992–2004: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1350.
  • Gao, Y., Guirui Y, Chunyan L., Pei Z. 2012. Groundwater Nitrogen Pollution and Assessment of Its Health Risks: A Case Study of a Typical Village in Rural-Urban Continuum, China. PloS one 7.4: 33982.
  • Guillette, L.J., Edwards. T.M. 2005. Is nitrate anecologically relevant endocrine disruptor invertebrates? Integrative and Comparative Biology,
  • :19-27.
  • Harter, T., Lund, J. 2012. Addressing Nitrate in California’s Drinking Water: Executive Summary. Addressing Nitrates in California's Drinking Water. http://groundwaternitrate.ucdavis.edu/ (Erişim tarihi: 20.12.2015)
  • Huang, HB., Gao Y., Cao JJ., Huang HY., Zhang, X. 2010. Nonpoint sourcepollution of nitrogen in groundwater and risk assessment in urban
  • agricultural region of Shanghai. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 24(3): 56–70. (In Chinese).
  • Jackson, B.M., Browne C.A, Butler, A.P., Peach D., Wade, A.J. 2008. Nitratetransport in chalk catchments: monitoring, modelling and policy
  • implications. Environmental Science and Policy 11: 125-135.
  • Khazenzi, J.A., Osano, O., Wakhisi, J., Raburu, P. 2013. Methemoglobin in Chironomus Larvae as Potential Biomarker of Nitrate Contamination in Water. African Journal of Education, Science and Technology, 1(2), 84.
  • KOP. 2012. The Action Plan of State Water Works (SWW) in Konya Great Basin and Water Allocation to Wells. SWW Evaluation Report pages:61.
  • (http://www.kop.gov.tr/pdf/KOP_%C4%B0DARES %C4%B0_DS%C4%B0_YAS_EYLEM_PLANI_RAPORU_21_12_2012.pdf) (Erişim tarihi: 17.12.2015)
  • Kume, T., Akça, E., Nakano, T., Nagano, T., Kapur, S., Watanabe, T. 2010. Seasonal changes of fertilizer impacts on agricultural drainage in a salinized area in Adana, Turkey, Science of the Total Environment, 408: 3319–3326.
  • Kuzelka, R.D., Ennenga, W. (eds.). 2013. Nitrate contamination: exposure, consequence, and control (Vol. 30). Springer Science & Business Media.
  • Lapworth, D.J., Baran, N., Stuart, M.E., Ward, R.S. 2012. Emerging organic contaminants in groundwater: a review of sources, fate and
  • occurrence. Environmental Pollution, 163, 287-303.
  • Lockhart, K.M., King, A.M., Harter, T. 2013. Identifying sources of groundwater nitrate contamination in a large alluvial groundwater basin
  • with highly diversified intensive agricultural production. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 151, 140-154.
  • Nas, B., Berktay, A. 2006. Groundwater contamination by nitrates in the city of Konya, (Turkey): A GIS perspective. Journal of Environmental Management, 79(1): 30-37.
  • Richards, L.A. 1954. Diagnosis and improvement of saline alkali soils. Washington DC, USA: USDA Handbook No. 60.
  • Rosenstock, T., Liptzin, D., Six, J., Tomich, T. 2013. Nitrogen fertilizer use in California: Assessing the data, trends and a way forward. California
  • agriculture, 67(1), 68-79.
  • Shlicting, E., and Blume, H. 1966. Bodenkundliches Prakticum. Verlag Paul Parey, Hamburg-Berlin, 133pp.
  • Su, X., Wang, H., Zhang, Y. 2013. Health risk assessment of nitrate contamination in groundwater: A case study of an agricultural area in Northeast China. Water resources management, 27(8), 3025-3034.
  • TSE 266. 1997. Waters–Human Consumed Waters, Turkish Standard Institution, Ankara.
  • TÜİK, 2012. Turkish Statistics Institute. http://www.tuik.gov.tr. (Accessed 11 January 2016).
  • Üstün, A., Tuşat, E., Yalvaç, S., Özkan, İ., Eren, Y., Özdemir, A., Doğanalp, S. 2015. Land subsidence in Konya Closed Basin and its spatio-temporal detection by GPS and DInSAR. Environmental Earth Sciences, 73(10), 6691-6703.
  • Varol, M., Gökot, B., Bekleyen, A., Şen, B. 2012. Water quality assessment and apportionment of pollution sources of Tigris River (Turkey) using multivariate statistical techniques—a case study. River research and applications, 28(9), 1428-1438.
  • Yilmaz, H., Demircan, V., Gül, M. 2010. Examining of Chemical Fertilizer Use Levels in Terms of Agriculture Environment Relations and Eco-nomic
  • Losses in the Agricultural Farms: The Case of Isparta, Turkey. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 16(2), 143-157.
Year 2016, Volume: 19 Issue: 2, 168 - 173, 28.07.2016

Abstract

References

  • Bauder, T.A., Waskom, R. M., Davis, J. G., Sutherland,P.L. 2011. Irrigation water quality criteria. Colorado State University Extension, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
  • Bellitürk, K., Bağdatlı, M.C., Polat, S., Metinoğlu, M., Adnan, B.A.Ç., Kanarya, G., Karabulut, Ö. 2013. Sulama Suyu Örneklerinde Belirlenen Bazı Makro
  • ve Mikro Elementlerin Çevre Kirliliği Açısından İki Farklı Dönemdeki Değişim Seyri: Kırklareli İli Örneği. Anadolu Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi 4(2): 82-93.
  • Buldur, A.D. 2010. Problems arised for meeting Konya City Drinking water Demand, Selçuk University Ahmet Keleşoğlu Faculty of Education Journal, 30: 195-213 (in Turkish).
  • Chan, T.Y. 2011. Vegetable-borne nitrate and nitrite and the risk of methaemoglobinaemia. Toxicology letters, 200(1), 107-108.
  • Dubrovsky, N.M., Burow, K.R., Clark, G.M., Gronberg, J.M., Hamilton P.A., Hitt, K.J., Mueller, D.K., Munn, M.D., Nolan, B.T. Puckett, L.J., Rupert, M.G., Short, T.M., Spahr, N.E., Sprague, L.A., Wilber, W.G. 2010. The quality of our Nation’s waters—Nutrients in the Nation’s streams and groundwater, 1992–2004: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1350.
  • Gao, Y., Guirui Y, Chunyan L., Pei Z. 2012. Groundwater Nitrogen Pollution and Assessment of Its Health Risks: A Case Study of a Typical Village in Rural-Urban Continuum, China. PloS one 7.4: 33982.
  • Guillette, L.J., Edwards. T.M. 2005. Is nitrate anecologically relevant endocrine disruptor invertebrates? Integrative and Comparative Biology,
  • :19-27.
  • Harter, T., Lund, J. 2012. Addressing Nitrate in California’s Drinking Water: Executive Summary. Addressing Nitrates in California's Drinking Water. http://groundwaternitrate.ucdavis.edu/ (Erişim tarihi: 20.12.2015)
  • Huang, HB., Gao Y., Cao JJ., Huang HY., Zhang, X. 2010. Nonpoint sourcepollution of nitrogen in groundwater and risk assessment in urban
  • agricultural region of Shanghai. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 24(3): 56–70. (In Chinese).
  • Jackson, B.M., Browne C.A, Butler, A.P., Peach D., Wade, A.J. 2008. Nitratetransport in chalk catchments: monitoring, modelling and policy
  • implications. Environmental Science and Policy 11: 125-135.
  • Khazenzi, J.A., Osano, O., Wakhisi, J., Raburu, P. 2013. Methemoglobin in Chironomus Larvae as Potential Biomarker of Nitrate Contamination in Water. African Journal of Education, Science and Technology, 1(2), 84.
  • KOP. 2012. The Action Plan of State Water Works (SWW) in Konya Great Basin and Water Allocation to Wells. SWW Evaluation Report pages:61.
  • (http://www.kop.gov.tr/pdf/KOP_%C4%B0DARES %C4%B0_DS%C4%B0_YAS_EYLEM_PLANI_RAPORU_21_12_2012.pdf) (Erişim tarihi: 17.12.2015)
  • Kume, T., Akça, E., Nakano, T., Nagano, T., Kapur, S., Watanabe, T. 2010. Seasonal changes of fertilizer impacts on agricultural drainage in a salinized area in Adana, Turkey, Science of the Total Environment, 408: 3319–3326.
  • Kuzelka, R.D., Ennenga, W. (eds.). 2013. Nitrate contamination: exposure, consequence, and control (Vol. 30). Springer Science & Business Media.
  • Lapworth, D.J., Baran, N., Stuart, M.E., Ward, R.S. 2012. Emerging organic contaminants in groundwater: a review of sources, fate and
  • occurrence. Environmental Pollution, 163, 287-303.
  • Lockhart, K.M., King, A.M., Harter, T. 2013. Identifying sources of groundwater nitrate contamination in a large alluvial groundwater basin
  • with highly diversified intensive agricultural production. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 151, 140-154.
  • Nas, B., Berktay, A. 2006. Groundwater contamination by nitrates in the city of Konya, (Turkey): A GIS perspective. Journal of Environmental Management, 79(1): 30-37.
  • Richards, L.A. 1954. Diagnosis and improvement of saline alkali soils. Washington DC, USA: USDA Handbook No. 60.
  • Rosenstock, T., Liptzin, D., Six, J., Tomich, T. 2013. Nitrogen fertilizer use in California: Assessing the data, trends and a way forward. California
  • agriculture, 67(1), 68-79.
  • Shlicting, E., and Blume, H. 1966. Bodenkundliches Prakticum. Verlag Paul Parey, Hamburg-Berlin, 133pp.
  • Su, X., Wang, H., Zhang, Y. 2013. Health risk assessment of nitrate contamination in groundwater: A case study of an agricultural area in Northeast China. Water resources management, 27(8), 3025-3034.
  • TSE 266. 1997. Waters–Human Consumed Waters, Turkish Standard Institution, Ankara.
  • TÜİK, 2012. Turkish Statistics Institute. http://www.tuik.gov.tr. (Accessed 11 January 2016).
  • Üstün, A., Tuşat, E., Yalvaç, S., Özkan, İ., Eren, Y., Özdemir, A., Doğanalp, S. 2015. Land subsidence in Konya Closed Basin and its spatio-temporal detection by GPS and DInSAR. Environmental Earth Sciences, 73(10), 6691-6703.
  • Varol, M., Gökot, B., Bekleyen, A., Şen, B. 2012. Water quality assessment and apportionment of pollution sources of Tigris River (Turkey) using multivariate statistical techniques—a case study. River research and applications, 28(9), 1428-1438.
  • Yilmaz, H., Demircan, V., Gül, M. 2010. Examining of Chemical Fertilizer Use Levels in Terms of Agriculture Environment Relations and Eco-nomic
  • Losses in the Agricultural Farms: The Case of Isparta, Turkey. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 16(2), 143-157.
There are 35 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Tarımsal Sulama (Agricultural Irrigation)
Authors

Gökhan Büyük

Erhan Akça

Takashi Kume This is me

Takanori Nagano This is me

Publication Date July 28, 2016
Published in Issue Year 2016 Volume: 19 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Büyük, G., Akça, E., Kume, T., Nagano, T. (2016). Investigation of Nitrate Pollution in Groundwater Used for Irrigation in Konya Karapinar Region, Central Anatolia. KSÜ Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi, 19(2), 168-173. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksujns.64593
AMA Büyük G, Akça E, Kume T, Nagano T. Investigation of Nitrate Pollution in Groundwater Used for Irrigation in Konya Karapinar Region, Central Anatolia. KSÜ Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi. July 2016;19(2):168-173. doi:10.18016/ksujns.64593
Chicago Büyük, Gökhan, Erhan Akça, Takashi Kume, and Takanori Nagano. “Investigation of Nitrate Pollution in Groundwater Used for Irrigation in Konya Karapinar Region, Central Anatolia”. KSÜ Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi 19, no. 2 (July 2016): 168-73. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksujns.64593.
EndNote Büyük G, Akça E, Kume T, Nagano T (July 1, 2016) Investigation of Nitrate Pollution in Groundwater Used for Irrigation in Konya Karapinar Region, Central Anatolia. KSÜ Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi 19 2 168–173.
IEEE G. Büyük, E. Akça, T. Kume, and T. Nagano, “Investigation of Nitrate Pollution in Groundwater Used for Irrigation in Konya Karapinar Region, Central Anatolia”, KSÜ Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 168–173, 2016, doi: 10.18016/ksujns.64593.
ISNAD Büyük, Gökhan et al. “Investigation of Nitrate Pollution in Groundwater Used for Irrigation in Konya Karapinar Region, Central Anatolia”. KSÜ Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi 19/2 (July 2016), 168-173. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksujns.64593.
JAMA Büyük G, Akça E, Kume T, Nagano T. Investigation of Nitrate Pollution in Groundwater Used for Irrigation in Konya Karapinar Region, Central Anatolia. KSÜ Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi. 2016;19:168–173.
MLA Büyük, Gökhan et al. “Investigation of Nitrate Pollution in Groundwater Used for Irrigation in Konya Karapinar Region, Central Anatolia”. KSÜ Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 19, no. 2, 2016, pp. 168-73, doi:10.18016/ksujns.64593.
Vancouver Büyük G, Akça E, Kume T, Nagano T. Investigation of Nitrate Pollution in Groundwater Used for Irrigation in Konya Karapinar Region, Central Anatolia. KSÜ Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi. 2016;19(2):168-73.