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Determination of Radionuclides and Elemental Concentrations in Black and White Tea Samples from Karadeniz in Turkey

Year 2021, Volume: 11 Issue: 2, 426 - 438, 15.12.2021

Miraç Kamışlıoğlu Canel Eke Tuğba Kaman İsmail Boztosun, Ph.d.

https://doi.org/10.31466/kfbd.909537

Abstract

Tea is the second most consumed plant worldwide after water and it can be grown in humid climates. Considering the frequency of consumption, it is inevitable for the tea plant to become a very important field of study both in terms of commercial and public health. The tea plant appears in four different forms which are green tea, black tea, oolong tea and white tea depending on the production method. Especially white tea has started to attract the attention of science in recent years due to its antioxidant effect. The aim of this study is to examine radionuclides and elemental concentrations of black and white tea collected from Karadeniz in Turkey. Natural and artificial radionuclides concentrations were determined using gamma-ray spectrometry. 226Ra, 232Th, 40K, 137Cs were detected in both black and white tea samples. Elemental concentrations of the black and white tea were determined using energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrometry. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs were obtained for black and white tea samples. 226Ra and 137Cs activity concentrations of black tea are higher than white tea however 232Th and 40K activity concentrations of white are higher than black tea. Total dose value of white is higher than black tea.

Keywords

Natural and artificial radionuclides White tea HPGe detector

References

  • Silva, Roberto Cruz da, Jos´e Marques Lopes, Leandro Barbosa da Silva, Alessandro Mariano Domingues, Carla da Silva Pinheiro, Lucas Faria da Silva, Ademir Xavier da Silva. (2020). Radiological evaluation of Ra-226, Ra-228 and K-40 in tea samples: A comparative study of effective dose and cancer risk. Appl Radiat Isot, 165, 109326.
  • UNSCEAR: (2000) United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effect of Atomic Radiation. Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation. Report to the General Assembly, with Scientific Annexes, New York, United Nations.
  • Scheibel, V., Appoloni, C.R. (2007). Radioactive trace measurements of some exported foods from the south of Brazil. J. Food Compos. Anal. 20, 650–653. doi: 10.1016/j.jfca.2007.04.005.
  • Lopes, J.M., Garcˆez, R.W.D., Silva, L.B., Silva, R.C., Domingues, A.M., Silva, A.X., Dam, R.S.F. (2020). Committed effective dose due to consumption of fruits and vegetables peels: analysis on cancer risk increase. Radiat. Phys. Chem. 167, 108243. doi: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2019.03.047.
  • Katiyar, S.K., Mukhtar, H. (1997). Tea Antioxidants in Cancer Chemoprevention. J Cellular Bioch Suppl. 27: 59-67. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-4644(1997)27.
  • Csupor, D. (2015). Phytotherapy - a textbook for pharmacy students. University of Szeged, ISBN. 978-963-306-409-2.
  • Henning S M. (2003). Catechin content of 18 teas and a green tea extract supplement correlates with antioxidant capacity. Nutrition and Cancer. 45(2):226- 235. doi: 10.1207/S15327914NC4502_13.
  • Zhu, Y.X., Haung, H., Tu, Y.Y. (2006). A review of recent studies in China on the possible beneficial health effects of tea, Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 41 (4) 333–340. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2005.01076.x.
  • Baublis, A.J., Clydesdale, F.M., Decker, E.A. (2000). Antioxidants in Wheat-Based Breakfast Cereals. Cereals Foods World. 45:71-74. doi: 10.1080/07315724.2000.10718966.
  • Sivritepe, N. (2000). Asma, Antioxidants in Grape and Wine. Food. World Publications. 12: 73-78. doi: 10.1155/2019/1354382.
  • Tosun, İ., Karadeniz, B. (2005). Antioxidant Activity of Tea and Tea Phenolics, J. of Fac. of Agric., OMU. 20(1):78-83. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2012.03173.
  • Hajiaghaalipour, F, Kanthimathi, M, S., Sanusi, J., Rajarajeswaran, J. (2015). White tea (Camellia sinensis) inhibits proliferation of the colon cancer cell line, HT-29, activates caspases and protects DNA of normal cells against oxidative damage Food Chem. 169, 401-410. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.07.005.
  • Almajano, M.P., Carbó, R., Jiménez, J.A.L., Gordon, M.H. (2008). Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of tea infusions. Food Chemistry. 108(1), 55-63. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.10.040.
  • Thring, T.S.A., Hili, P., Naughton, D.P. (2009). Anti-collagenase, anti-elastase and antioxidant activities of extracts from 21 plants. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 9-11. doi: :10.1186/1472-6882-9-27.
  • Mandel, S., Youdim, M.B. (2004). Catechin polyphenols: neurodegeneration and neuroprotection in neurodegenerative diseases Free Radic. Biol. Med. 37, 304-317. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.04.012.
  • Santana-Rios, G., Orner, G.A., Amantana, A., Provost, C., Wu, S.Y., Dashwood, R.H. (2001). Potent antimutagenic activity of white tea in comparison with green tea in the Salmonella assay. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis. 495(1–2), 61-74. doi: 10.1016/s1383-5718(01)00200-5.
  • Hilal, Y., Engelhardt, U. (2007). Characterization of white tea–Comparison to green and black tea. Journal für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit, 2(4), 414-421. doi: 10.1007/s00003-007-0250-3.
  • Kinsella, J.E., Frankel, E German, B., Kanner J. (1993). Possible Mechanisms for the Protective Role of Antioxidants in Wine and Plant Foods. Food Tech. April, 85-89.
  • Salman, S., Özdemir, F. (2018). White Tea: Its Production, Composition and Health Effects Review Paper Academic Food. 16(2) 218-223, doi: 10.24323/akademik-gida.449867.
  • Unachukwu, U.J., Ahmed, S., Kavalier, A., Lyles, J.T. and Kennelly, E.J. (2010). White and green teas (Camellia sinensis var. sinensis): variation in phenolic, methylxanthine, and antioxidant profiles. Journal of Food Science 75(6), 541-548. doi: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.01705.x
  • Damiani, E., Bacchetti, T., Padella, L., Tiano, L., Carloni, P. (2014). Antioxidant activity of different white teas: Comparison of hot and cold tea infusions. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 33(1), 59-66. doi: 10.1016/j.jfca.2013.09.010
  • Carloni P, Tiano L, Padella L, Bacchetti T, Customu C, Kay A, Damiani E. (2012). Antioxidant activity of white, green and black tea obtained from the same tea cultivar, Food Research International. 4209;9.
  • Korkmaz Gorur F, Keser R, Akcay N, Dizman S, Okumusoglu NT. (2011). Radionuclides and heavy metals concentrations in Turkish market tea. Food Control. 22:2065-2070. doi: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.06.005.
  • Eke C, Boztosun I. (2015). Determination of activity concentration of natural and artificial radionuclides in sand samples from Mediterranean coast of Antalya in Turkey. Kerntechnik. 80(3):280-290. doi: 10.3139/124.110474.
  • Chalmers, A.F. (1970). Curie’s Principle, British Journal Phil. Sci. 21,133-148.
  • Canbazoglu C, Dogru M. (2013). A preliminary study on 226Ra, 232Th, 40K and 137Cs activity concentrations in vegetables and fruits frequently consumed by inhabitants of Elazığ Region, Turkey. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 295:1245–1249. doi: 10.1007/s10967-012-1995-4.
  • International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) (1996). Age-dependent doses to members of the public from intake of radionuclides: part 5. Compilation of ingestion and inhalation dose coefficients. Annals of the ICRP 26 (1). ICRP Publication 72. Pergamon Press, Oxford https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/ANIB_26_1 accessed 04 March 2021.
  • Abojassim AA, Al-Gazaly HH, Kadhim SH. (2014). Estimated the radiation hazard indices and ingestion effective dose in wheat flour samples of Iraq markets. International Journal of Food Contamination. 1:6. doi: 10.1186/s40550-014-0006-7.
  • Van TT, Bat LT, Nhan DD, Quang NH, Cam BD, Hung LV. (2019). Estimation of Radionuclide Concentrations and Average Annual Committed Effective Dose due to Ingestion for the Population in the Red River Delta, Vietnam. Environmental Management, 63:444–454. doi: 10.1186/s40550-014-0006-7.
  • Kilic O, Gunduz O., Eryilmaz G, Emir M. (2012). Determination of the consumer behaviors in tea consumption: the case of Samsun province. J.Agric. Fac. HR.U. 16(4): 19-25.
  • Puchkova, E.V., Bogdanova, O.G. (2015). 210Pb and 210Po in medical plants. 2, 213-223 doi: 1066-3622,
  • Yeltepe E. N.K. Şahin, N. Aslan, M. Hult, G. Özçayan, H. Wershofen, Ü. Yücel. (2018). A review of the TAEA proficiency test on natural and anthropogenic radionuclides activities in black tea. 134, 40-44. doi: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2017.10.011.
  • Hamzah, Z., Riduan, S.R., Saat, A. (2011). Assessment of radiation health risk in cameron highlands tea plantations. The Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences. 15 (2), 130–137.
  • Mitrovi´c, B.M., Grdovi´c, S.N., Vitorovi´c, G.S., Vitorovi´c, D.P., Panteli´c, G.K., Grubi´c, G. A. (2014). 137Cs and 40K in some traditional herbal teas collected in the mountain regions of Serbia. Isot. Environ. Health Stud. 50 (4), 538–545. doi: 10.1080/10256016.2014.964233.
  • Espinosa, G., Golzarri, J.I., Navarrete, J.M. (2016). Determination of the natural and artificial radioactivity of a selection of traditional Mexican medicinal herbs by gamma spectrometry. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 307, 1717–1721. doi: 10.1007/s10967-015-4485-7.
  • Aktar, M.N., Das, S.K., Yeasmin, S., Siraz, M.M.M., Rahman, A.F.M. (2018). Measurement of radioactivity and assessment of radiological hazard of tea samples collected from local market in Bangladesh. J. Bangladesh Acad. Sci. 42 (2), 171–176. Doi: 10.3329/jbas.v42i2.40049.
  • Jevremovic, M., Lazarevic, N., Pavlovic, S., Orlic, M., (2011). Radionuclide concentrations in samples of medicinal herbs and effective dose from ingestion of 137Cs and natural radionuclides in herbal tea products from Serbian market. Isot. Environ. Health Stud. 47, 87–92. Doi: 10.1080/10256016.2011.556723.
  • Di Gregorio, D.E., Huck, H., Aristegui, R., De Lazzari, G., Jeck, A. (2004). 137Cs contamination in tea and yerba mate in South America. J. Environ. Radioact. 76, 273–281. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2003.11.008.
  • Ozmen, S.F., Boztosun, I., Yavuz, M., Tunc, M.R. (2014a) Determination of gamma Radioactivity Levels and Associated Dose Rates Of Soil Samples Of The Akkuyu/ Mersin Using High-Resolution Gamma-Ray Spectrometry. Radiation Protection and Dosimetry, 158(4): 461-465. http://doi.org/10.1093/rpd/nct267
  • Ozmen, S.F., Cesur, A., Boztosun, I. Yavuz, M. (2014b). Distribution of natural and anthropogenic radionuclides in beach sand samples from Mediterranean Coast of Turkey. Radiation physics and chemistry, 103: 37-44. http:// doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2014.05.034
  • Baltas, H., Kiris, E., Dalgic, G., Cevik, U., (2016) Distribution of 137Cs in the Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) in Eastern Black Sea Coast of Turkey. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 107: 402-407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.03.032
  • Gökmen, İ.G., Birgül, O., Kence, A., Gökmen, A., (1995). Chernobyl Radioactivity in Turkish Tea and its Possıble Health Consequences. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 198(2), 487-497). https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02036565
  • Varinlioğlu, A., Köse, A., Çevik, U., Kopya, A.I., Altunbaş, M., Karal, H., (1995). Levels Of Natural and Artıfıcal Radıoactıvıty in Sedıments in The Eastern Black Sea of Turkey, J. Radional. Nucl. Chem., 201 (1): 31-37.

Türkiye Karadeniz Bölgesinden alınan Siyah ve Beyaz Çay Örneklerinde Radyonüklid ve Elementel Konsantrasyonlarının Belirlenmesi

Year 2021, Volume: 11 Issue: 2, 426 - 438, 15.12.2021

Miraç Kamışlıoğlu Canel Eke Tuğba Kaman İsmail Boztosun, Ph.d.

https://doi.org/10.31466/kfbd.909537

Abstract

Çay, sudan sonra dünyada en çok tüketilen ikinci bitki türüdür ve nemli iklimlerde yetiştirilir. Tüketim sıklığı göz önüne alındığında çay bitkisinin hem ticari hem de halk sağlığı açısından çok önemli bir çalışma alanı haline gelmesi kaçınılmazdır. Çay bitkisi, üretim şekline göre yeşil çay, siyah çay, oolong çayı ve beyaz çay olmak üzere dört farklı biçimde karşımıza çıkar. Özellikle beyaz çay, antioksidan etkisi nedeniyle son yıllarda bilimin ilgisini çekmeye başlamıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye'de Karadeniz Bölgesi’nden toplanan siyah ve beyaz çayın radyonüklitlerini ve elementel konsantrasyonlarını incelemektir. İncelenen örnek çayların doğal ve yapay radyonüklid konsantrasyonları gama ışını spektrometresi kullanılarak belirlendi. Hem siyah hem de beyaz çay örneklerinde 226Ra, 232Th, 40K, 137Cs konsantrasyon seviyeleri tespit edildi. Siyah ve beyaz çayın elementel konsantrasyonları, enerji ayırımlı x-ışını floresans (EDXRF) spektrometresi kullanılarak belirlendi. Siyah ve beyaz çay örnekleri için taramalı elektron mikroskobu (SEM) mikrografları elde edildi. Siyah çayın 226Ra ve 137Cs aktivite konsantrasyonları beyaz çaydan daha yüksek olduğu, ancak beyaz çayın 232Th ve 40K aktivite konsantrasyonlarının siyah çaydan daha yüksek olduğu görülmüştür. Beyaz çayın toplam doz değeri siyah çaya göre daha yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Keywords

Doğal ve yapay radyonüklitler Beyaz Çay HPGe dedektörü

References

  • Silva, Roberto Cruz da, Jos´e Marques Lopes, Leandro Barbosa da Silva, Alessandro Mariano Domingues, Carla da Silva Pinheiro, Lucas Faria da Silva, Ademir Xavier da Silva. (2020). Radiological evaluation of Ra-226, Ra-228 and K-40 in tea samples: A comparative study of effective dose and cancer risk. Appl Radiat Isot, 165, 109326.
  • UNSCEAR: (2000) United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effect of Atomic Radiation. Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation. Report to the General Assembly, with Scientific Annexes, New York, United Nations.
  • Scheibel, V., Appoloni, C.R. (2007). Radioactive trace measurements of some exported foods from the south of Brazil. J. Food Compos. Anal. 20, 650–653. doi: 10.1016/j.jfca.2007.04.005.
  • Lopes, J.M., Garcˆez, R.W.D., Silva, L.B., Silva, R.C., Domingues, A.M., Silva, A.X., Dam, R.S.F. (2020). Committed effective dose due to consumption of fruits and vegetables peels: analysis on cancer risk increase. Radiat. Phys. Chem. 167, 108243. doi: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2019.03.047.
  • Katiyar, S.K., Mukhtar, H. (1997). Tea Antioxidants in Cancer Chemoprevention. J Cellular Bioch Suppl. 27: 59-67. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-4644(1997)27.
  • Csupor, D. (2015). Phytotherapy - a textbook for pharmacy students. University of Szeged, ISBN. 978-963-306-409-2.
  • Henning S M. (2003). Catechin content of 18 teas and a green tea extract supplement correlates with antioxidant capacity. Nutrition and Cancer. 45(2):226- 235. doi: 10.1207/S15327914NC4502_13.
  • Zhu, Y.X., Haung, H., Tu, Y.Y. (2006). A review of recent studies in China on the possible beneficial health effects of tea, Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 41 (4) 333–340. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2005.01076.x.
  • Baublis, A.J., Clydesdale, F.M., Decker, E.A. (2000). Antioxidants in Wheat-Based Breakfast Cereals. Cereals Foods World. 45:71-74. doi: 10.1080/07315724.2000.10718966.
  • Sivritepe, N. (2000). Asma, Antioxidants in Grape and Wine. Food. World Publications. 12: 73-78. doi: 10.1155/2019/1354382.
  • Tosun, İ., Karadeniz, B. (2005). Antioxidant Activity of Tea and Tea Phenolics, J. of Fac. of Agric., OMU. 20(1):78-83. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2012.03173.
  • Hajiaghaalipour, F, Kanthimathi, M, S., Sanusi, J., Rajarajeswaran, J. (2015). White tea (Camellia sinensis) inhibits proliferation of the colon cancer cell line, HT-29, activates caspases and protects DNA of normal cells against oxidative damage Food Chem. 169, 401-410. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.07.005.
  • Almajano, M.P., Carbó, R., Jiménez, J.A.L., Gordon, M.H. (2008). Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of tea infusions. Food Chemistry. 108(1), 55-63. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.10.040.
  • Thring, T.S.A., Hili, P., Naughton, D.P. (2009). Anti-collagenase, anti-elastase and antioxidant activities of extracts from 21 plants. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 9-11. doi: :10.1186/1472-6882-9-27.
  • Mandel, S., Youdim, M.B. (2004). Catechin polyphenols: neurodegeneration and neuroprotection in neurodegenerative diseases Free Radic. Biol. Med. 37, 304-317. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.04.012.
  • Santana-Rios, G., Orner, G.A., Amantana, A., Provost, C., Wu, S.Y., Dashwood, R.H. (2001). Potent antimutagenic activity of white tea in comparison with green tea in the Salmonella assay. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis. 495(1–2), 61-74. doi: 10.1016/s1383-5718(01)00200-5.
  • Hilal, Y., Engelhardt, U. (2007). Characterization of white tea–Comparison to green and black tea. Journal für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit, 2(4), 414-421. doi: 10.1007/s00003-007-0250-3.
  • Kinsella, J.E., Frankel, E German, B., Kanner J. (1993). Possible Mechanisms for the Protective Role of Antioxidants in Wine and Plant Foods. Food Tech. April, 85-89.
  • Salman, S., Özdemir, F. (2018). White Tea: Its Production, Composition and Health Effects Review Paper Academic Food. 16(2) 218-223, doi: 10.24323/akademik-gida.449867.
  • Unachukwu, U.J., Ahmed, S., Kavalier, A., Lyles, J.T. and Kennelly, E.J. (2010). White and green teas (Camellia sinensis var. sinensis): variation in phenolic, methylxanthine, and antioxidant profiles. Journal of Food Science 75(6), 541-548. doi: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.01705.x
  • Damiani, E., Bacchetti, T., Padella, L., Tiano, L., Carloni, P. (2014). Antioxidant activity of different white teas: Comparison of hot and cold tea infusions. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 33(1), 59-66. doi: 10.1016/j.jfca.2013.09.010
  • Carloni P, Tiano L, Padella L, Bacchetti T, Customu C, Kay A, Damiani E. (2012). Antioxidant activity of white, green and black tea obtained from the same tea cultivar, Food Research International. 4209;9.
  • Korkmaz Gorur F, Keser R, Akcay N, Dizman S, Okumusoglu NT. (2011). Radionuclides and heavy metals concentrations in Turkish market tea. Food Control. 22:2065-2070. doi: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.06.005.
  • Eke C, Boztosun I. (2015). Determination of activity concentration of natural and artificial radionuclides in sand samples from Mediterranean coast of Antalya in Turkey. Kerntechnik. 80(3):280-290. doi: 10.3139/124.110474.
  • Chalmers, A.F. (1970). Curie’s Principle, British Journal Phil. Sci. 21,133-148.
  • Canbazoglu C, Dogru M. (2013). A preliminary study on 226Ra, 232Th, 40K and 137Cs activity concentrations in vegetables and fruits frequently consumed by inhabitants of Elazığ Region, Turkey. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 295:1245–1249. doi: 10.1007/s10967-012-1995-4.
  • International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) (1996). Age-dependent doses to members of the public from intake of radionuclides: part 5. Compilation of ingestion and inhalation dose coefficients. Annals of the ICRP 26 (1). ICRP Publication 72. Pergamon Press, Oxford https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/ANIB_26_1 accessed 04 March 2021.
  • Abojassim AA, Al-Gazaly HH, Kadhim SH. (2014). Estimated the radiation hazard indices and ingestion effective dose in wheat flour samples of Iraq markets. International Journal of Food Contamination. 1:6. doi: 10.1186/s40550-014-0006-7.
  • Van TT, Bat LT, Nhan DD, Quang NH, Cam BD, Hung LV. (2019). Estimation of Radionuclide Concentrations and Average Annual Committed Effective Dose due to Ingestion for the Population in the Red River Delta, Vietnam. Environmental Management, 63:444–454. doi: 10.1186/s40550-014-0006-7.
  • Kilic O, Gunduz O., Eryilmaz G, Emir M. (2012). Determination of the consumer behaviors in tea consumption: the case of Samsun province. J.Agric. Fac. HR.U. 16(4): 19-25.
  • Puchkova, E.V., Bogdanova, O.G. (2015). 210Pb and 210Po in medical plants. 2, 213-223 doi: 1066-3622,
  • Yeltepe E. N.K. Şahin, N. Aslan, M. Hult, G. Özçayan, H. Wershofen, Ü. Yücel. (2018). A review of the TAEA proficiency test on natural and anthropogenic radionuclides activities in black tea. 134, 40-44. doi: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2017.10.011.
  • Hamzah, Z., Riduan, S.R., Saat, A. (2011). Assessment of radiation health risk in cameron highlands tea plantations. The Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences. 15 (2), 130–137.
  • Mitrovi´c, B.M., Grdovi´c, S.N., Vitorovi´c, G.S., Vitorovi´c, D.P., Panteli´c, G.K., Grubi´c, G. A. (2014). 137Cs and 40K in some traditional herbal teas collected in the mountain regions of Serbia. Isot. Environ. Health Stud. 50 (4), 538–545. doi: 10.1080/10256016.2014.964233.
  • Espinosa, G., Golzarri, J.I., Navarrete, J.M. (2016). Determination of the natural and artificial radioactivity of a selection of traditional Mexican medicinal herbs by gamma spectrometry. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 307, 1717–1721. doi: 10.1007/s10967-015-4485-7.
  • Aktar, M.N., Das, S.K., Yeasmin, S., Siraz, M.M.M., Rahman, A.F.M. (2018). Measurement of radioactivity and assessment of radiological hazard of tea samples collected from local market in Bangladesh. J. Bangladesh Acad. Sci. 42 (2), 171–176. Doi: 10.3329/jbas.v42i2.40049.
  • Jevremovic, M., Lazarevic, N., Pavlovic, S., Orlic, M., (2011). Radionuclide concentrations in samples of medicinal herbs and effective dose from ingestion of 137Cs and natural radionuclides in herbal tea products from Serbian market. Isot. Environ. Health Stud. 47, 87–92. Doi: 10.1080/10256016.2011.556723.
  • Di Gregorio, D.E., Huck, H., Aristegui, R., De Lazzari, G., Jeck, A. (2004). 137Cs contamination in tea and yerba mate in South America. J. Environ. Radioact. 76, 273–281. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2003.11.008.
  • Ozmen, S.F., Boztosun, I., Yavuz, M., Tunc, M.R. (2014a) Determination of gamma Radioactivity Levels and Associated Dose Rates Of Soil Samples Of The Akkuyu/ Mersin Using High-Resolution Gamma-Ray Spectrometry. Radiation Protection and Dosimetry, 158(4): 461-465. http://doi.org/10.1093/rpd/nct267
  • Ozmen, S.F., Cesur, A., Boztosun, I. Yavuz, M. (2014b). Distribution of natural and anthropogenic radionuclides in beach sand samples from Mediterranean Coast of Turkey. Radiation physics and chemistry, 103: 37-44. http:// doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2014.05.034
  • Baltas, H., Kiris, E., Dalgic, G., Cevik, U., (2016) Distribution of 137Cs in the Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) in Eastern Black Sea Coast of Turkey. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 107: 402-407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.03.032
  • Gökmen, İ.G., Birgül, O., Kence, A., Gökmen, A., (1995). Chernobyl Radioactivity in Turkish Tea and its Possıble Health Consequences. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 198(2), 487-497). https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02036565
  • Varinlioğlu, A., Köse, A., Çevik, U., Kopya, A.I., Altunbaş, M., Karal, H., (1995). Levels Of Natural and Artıfıcal Radıoactıvıty in Sedıments in The Eastern Black Sea of Turkey, J. Radional. Nucl. Chem., 201 (1): 31-37.
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Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Miraç Kamışlıoğlu 0000-0002-0666-8832

Canel Eke 0000-0002-6672-6467

Tuğba Kaman 0000-0002-5885-0193

İsmail Boztosun, Ph.d. 0000-0001-9668-6307

Publication Date December 15, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 11 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Kamışlıoğlu, M., Eke, C., Kaman, T., Boztosun, Ph.d., İ. (2021). Determination of Radionuclides and Elemental Concentrations in Black and White Tea Samples from Karadeniz in Turkey. Karadeniz Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 11(2), 426-438. https://doi.org/10.31466/kfbd.909537
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