Research Article
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Effect of Various Fire Retardant Chemicals in Different Concentrations on Formaldehyde Emission of Plywood

Year 2017, Volume: 17 Issue: 3, 509 - 516, 27.11.2017
https://doi.org/10.17475/kastorman.283249

Abstract

Abstract

Aim of
study:
Although treated panels make up a large
portion of the plywood market, treatment with some wood preservatives has been
known to cause some problems such as bonding failures besides the environmental
pollution related to the disposal of chemicals after treatment. Formaldehyde
release from wood based panels is also another problem regarding the indoor air
quality. In the present study, it was aimed to investigate the formaldehyde
emission contents of plywood panels treated with fire retardant chemicals.

Area of study: This study was conducted at
the Pilot Facility of Department of Forest Industry Engineering, Karadeniz
Technical University in Trabzon, Turkey.

Material
and Methods:
Poplar, alder and
Scots pine veneers were used to produce
plywood. Zinc borate, monoammonium phosphate and ammonium sulfate were used as
fire retardant chemicals. The veneer sheets were treated with immersion method
and chosen three different concentrations as 5%, 7% and 10% aqueous solutions.
Urea formaldehyde (UF) glue resin was used as adhesive. Formaldehyde emission
contents of plywood panels were determined according to flask method described
in DIN EN 717-3 standard.

Main
results:
It was found that formaldehyde release
from panels produced with the veneers treated with zinc borate were higher than
those of control panels and the emission values increased when the
concentration increased. The lower formaldehyde emission values were obtained
for monoammonium phosphate and ammonium sulfate treated panels and the emission
values decreased when the concentration increased.











Research
highlights:
In some usage areas where high strength
properties are not expected, plywood panels manufactured from veneers treated
with the fire retardant chemicals (monoammonium phosphate and ammonium sulfate)
may be used for reducing formaldehyde release.

References

  • Aydin, I., 2004. Effects of some manufacturing conditions on wettability and bonding of veneers obtained from various wood species. PhD thesis, KTU Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, 219 p., Trabzon.
  • Aydin I., Colakoglu, G., Colak, S., Demirkir, C. 2006. Effects of moisture content on formaldehyde emission and mechanical properties of plywood. Building and Environment, 41, 1311-1316.
  • Ayrilmis, N., Korkut, S., Tanritanir, E., Winandy, J.E., Hiziroglu, S. 2006. Effect of various fire retardants on surface roughness of plywood. Building and Environment 41 (7), 887–892.
  • Basta, A.H, El-saied, H., Gobran, R.H., Sultan M.Z. 2006. Enhancing environmental performance of formaldehyde- based adhesives in lignocellulosic composites, part III: evaluation of some starch derivatives. Des. Monomers Polymers, 9, 325–347.
  • Bohm, M., Salem, M.Z.M., Srba, J. 2012. Formaldehyde emission monitoring from a variety of solid wood, plywood, blockboard and flooring products manufactured for building and furnishing materials. J. Hazard. Mater., 221-222, 68-79.
  • Colak, S., Colakoglu, G., Testereci, H., Aydin, I. 2002. Formaldehyde and volatile acetic acid emission of plywood treated with ammonium acetate. Paper presented at the sixth european panel products symposium, North Wales Conference Centre, Llandudno, North Wales, UK.
  • Colak, S., Colakoglu, G. 2004. Volatile acetic acid and formaldehyde emission from plywood treated with boron compound. Building and Environment, 39, 533–536.
  • DIN EN 717-3, 1996. Wood-based panel products - Determination of formaldehyde release by the flask method.
  • Demir, A., Aydin, İ., Öztürk H. 2014. Effect of fire retardant chemicals on formaldehyde emission of plywood. 25th International Scientific Conference New Materials and Technologies in the Function of Wooden Products (17 October), 63-66, Zagreb, Croatia.
  • Farag, S., 1995. Synthesis and physicochemical studies of starch–sulphonated phenol formaldehyde cationic exchangers. Starch-Starke, 47, 192–196.
  • Grexa, O., Horvathova E., Besinova, O., Lehocky, P. 1999. Flame retardant plywood. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 64, 529–33.
  • Grigoriou, A.H., 2000. Straw–wood composites bonded with various adhesive systems. Wood Science and Technology 34, 355–365.
  • Groah, W.J., Gramp, G.D., Trant, M. 1984. Effect of a decorative vinyl overlay on formaldehyde emissions. Forest Products Journal, 34, 27–29.
  • Hao, B.Y., Liu, Z.T. 1993. The primary study on straw particleboard. Wood Industry 7 (3), 2–6.
  • Jahanshahee, Sh., Tabarsa, T., Asghari, J., Resalati, H. 2010. Investigation of the amount of tannic acid in Bark Oak (Quercus castanifolia). Wood Paper Ind. Iran, 2, 27–35.
  • Jahanshahee, Sh., Tabarsa, T., Asghari, J. 2012. Eco-friendly tannin–phenol formaldehyde resin for producing wood composites. Pigm. Resin Technology, 41, 296–301.
  • Junyou, S., Shengyou, Y. 2010. Effects of addition ammonia modified urea-melamine -formaldehyde resin on the adhesions and formaldehyde emission in plywood. Environment Materials and Environment Management PTS 1-3. Book Series: Advanced Materials Research, 113-116, 1226-1229.
  • Kim, S., Lee, Y.K., Hyun-Joong, K., Hyoung, L.H. 2003. Physico-mechanical properties of particleboards bonded with pine and wattle tannin-based adhesives. J. Adhes. Science Technology, 17, 1863–1875.
  • Kim, S., Kim, H.J. 2005. Effect of addition of polyvinyl acetate to melamine–formaldehyde resin on the adhesion and formaldehyde emission in engineered flooring. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, 25, 456–461.
  • Levan, S.L., Tran, H.C. 1990. The role of boron in flame-retardant treatments. In: Hamel M, editor. First international conference on wood protection with diffusible Preservatives (28–30 November), 39–41, Nashville, TN.
  • Milota, M.R., 2000. Emissions from wood drying. Forest Product Journal, 50 (6), 10–9.
  • Minemura, N., 1976. To lessen formaldehyde liberation from the urea resin glued plywood. Wood Industry, 31 (12), 8–12.
  • Myers, G.E., 1986. Effects of post-manufacture board treatments on formaldehyde emission: A literature review (1960-1984). Forest Products Journal, 36 (6), 41-45.
  • Nemli, G., Colakoglu, G. 2005. The influence of lamination technique on the properties of particleboard. Building and Environment, 40, 83–87.
  • Pizzi, A., Scharfetter, H.O. 1978. The chemistry and development of tannin based adhesives for exterior plywood’s. J. Appl. Polym. Science, 22, 1745–1761.
  • Pizzi, A., 2000. Tannery row – the story of some natural and synthetic wood adhesives. Wood Science Technology, 48, 277–316.
  • Salem, M.Z.M., Zeidler, A., Böhm, M., Srba, J. 2013. Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) as a bioresource: Evaluation of solid wood, particleboard, and MDF technological properties and formaldehyde emission. BioResources, 8 (1), 1199-1221.
  • Santana, M.A.E., Baumann, M.G.D., Conner, A.H. 1995. Resol resins prepared with tannin liquefied in phenol. Holzforschung, 49, 146–152.
  • Sundman, M.R., Larsen, A., Vestin, E., Weibull, A. 2007. Formaldehyde emission-Comparison of different standard methods. Atmospheric Environment, 41, 3193–3202.
  • Uchiyama, S., Matsushima, E., Kitao, N., Tokunaga, H., Andoc, M., Otsuboa, Y. 2007. Effect of natural compounds on reducing formaldehyde emission from plywood. Atmospheric Environment, 41, 8825–8830.
  • Sowunmi, S., Ebewele, R.O., Peters, O., Conner A.H. 2000. Differential scanning calorimetry of hydrolysed mangrove tannin. Polym. Int., 49, 574–578.
  • Schroder, K., Meyer-Plath, A., Keller, D., Besch, W., Babucke, G., Ohl, A. 2001. Plasma-induced surface functionalization of polymeric biomaterials in ammonia plasma. Contributions to Plasma Physics, 41(6), 562-572.
  • Tanritanir, E., Akbulut, T. 1999. Plywood industry and general situation of plywood trade. Laminart-Furniture and Decoration Journal, 9, 122–32.
  • Turunen, M., Alvila, L., Pakkanen, T.T., Rainio, J. 2003. Modification of phenol-formaldehyde resol resins by lignin, starch, and urea. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 88, 582–588.
  • Vazquez, G., Freire, S., Gonzalez, J., Antorrena, G. 2000. Characterization of Pinus pinaster bark and its alkaline extracts by diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared (DRIFT) spectroscopy. Holz als Roh-und Werkstoff, 58, 57–61.
  • Wang, W., Zhao, Z., Gao, Z., Guo, M. 2010. Water-resistant whey protein based wood adhesive modified by post-treated phenol-formaldehyde oligomers (PFO). BioResources. 7 (2), 1972-1983.
  • Wang, S.Y., Yang, T.H., Lin, Y.T., Lin, C.J., Tsai, M.J. 2007. Properties of low-formaldehyde-emission particleboard made from recycled wood-waste particles sprayed with PMDI/PF resin. Building and Environment, 42 (7), 2472–2479.
  • Wang, W.L., Gardner, D.J., Baummann, M.G.D. 2003. Factors affecting volatile organic compound emissions during hot-pressing of southern pine particleboard. Forest Products Journal, 53 (3), 65–72.
  • Wen, H.C., Yang, K., Ou, K.L., Wu, W.F., Chou, C.P., Luo, R.C., Chang, Y.M. 2006. Effects of ammonia plasma treatment on the surface characteristics of carbon fibers, Surface and Coatings Technology, 200 (10), 3166-3169.
  • White, R.H., Mitchell, S.S. 1992. Flame retardancy of wood: present status, recent problems, and future fields. In: Lewin M, editor. Recent advances in flame retardancy of polymeric materials. Proceedings of the third annual BCC conference on flame retardance, p. 250–7, Stamford, CT.
  • Wiglusz, R., Nikei, G., Igielska, G., Sitko, E. 2002. Volatile organic compounds emissions from particleboard veneered with decorative paper foil. Holzforschung, 56 (1), 108–110.
  • Winandy, J.E., 2001. Thermal degradation of fire-retardant-treated wood: predicting residual service life. Forest Products Journal, 51 (2),47–54.
  • Yoshida, C., Okabe, K., Yao, T., Shiraishi, N., Oya, A. 2005. Preparation of carbon fibers from biomass-based phenol formaldehyde resin. J. Mater. Sci., 40, 335–339.
  • Zhang, H., Liu, J., Lu, X. 2013. Reducing the Formaldehyde Emission of Composite Wood Products By Cold Plasma Treatment. Wood Research, 58 (4), 607-616.

Farklı konsantrasyonlardaki çeşitli yangın geciktirici kimyasalların kontrplakların formaldehit emisyonu üzerine etkisi

Year 2017, Volume: 17 Issue: 3, 509 - 516, 27.11.2017
https://doi.org/10.17475/kastorman.283249

Abstract

Özet

Çalışmanın
amacı:

Emprenyeli levhalar, kontrplak piyasasında geniş bir yer edinmelerine rağmen,
bazı ahşap koruyucularla emprenye işlemi, yapışma kusurları, emprenye sonrası
kimyasal atıklarından dolayı oluşan çevre kirliliği gibi bazı problemlere sebep
olduğu bilinmektedir. Ahşap esaslı levhalardan açığa çıkan formaldehit, iç
mekanların hava kalitesinde etkili olan başka bir problemdir. Bu çalışmada,
yangın geciktirici kimyasallar ile emprenye edilmiş kontrplak levhalarının
formaldehit emisyonu miktarlarının araştırılması amaçlanmıştır.

Çalışma alanı: Bu çalışma, Trabzon’daki Karadeniz
Teknik Üniversitesi Orman Endüstri Mühendisliği Bölümü Pilot tesisinde
yapılmıştır.

Materyal
ve Yöntem:
Kavak, kızılağaç ve sarıçam (Pinus
sylvestris
L.) kaplamalar, kontrplak için kullanılmıştır.
Çinko borat, monoamonyum fosfat ve
amonyum sülfat, yangın geciktirici olarak kullanılmıştır. Kaplama levhaları,
%5, 7 ve 10 olmak üzere üç farklı çözelti konsantrasyonu seçilmiş ve daldırma
yöntemi kullanılarak emprenye edilmiştir. Kontrplak levhalarının formaldehit
emisyonu miktarları, DIN EN 717-3 standardında belirlenen şişe yöntemine göre
belirlenmiştir.

Sonuçlar: Çinko borat ile emprenye edilmiş
kaplamalardan üretilen kontrplak levhalardan açığa çıkan formaldehit kontrol
gruplarından daha yüksek bulunmuştur ve emisyon değerlerinin, konsantrasyon
arttıkça arttığı belirlenmiştir. En düşük formaldehit emisyon değerleri,
monoamonyum fosfat ve amonyum sülfat ile emprenye edilmiş levhalardan elde
edilmiştir ve emisyon değerlerinin, konsantrasyon arttıkça azaldığı
belirlenmiştir.











Araştırma
vurguları:
Yüksek direnç özelliklerinin aranmadığı
bazı kullanım yerlerinde, formaldehit emisyonunu azaltmak için yangın
geciktirici kimyasallarla (monoamonyum fosfat ve amonyum sülfat) emprenye
edilen kaplamalardan üretilen kontrplak levhaları kullanılabilir.

References

  • Aydin, I., 2004. Effects of some manufacturing conditions on wettability and bonding of veneers obtained from various wood species. PhD thesis, KTU Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, 219 p., Trabzon.
  • Aydin I., Colakoglu, G., Colak, S., Demirkir, C. 2006. Effects of moisture content on formaldehyde emission and mechanical properties of plywood. Building and Environment, 41, 1311-1316.
  • Ayrilmis, N., Korkut, S., Tanritanir, E., Winandy, J.E., Hiziroglu, S. 2006. Effect of various fire retardants on surface roughness of plywood. Building and Environment 41 (7), 887–892.
  • Basta, A.H, El-saied, H., Gobran, R.H., Sultan M.Z. 2006. Enhancing environmental performance of formaldehyde- based adhesives in lignocellulosic composites, part III: evaluation of some starch derivatives. Des. Monomers Polymers, 9, 325–347.
  • Bohm, M., Salem, M.Z.M., Srba, J. 2012. Formaldehyde emission monitoring from a variety of solid wood, plywood, blockboard and flooring products manufactured for building and furnishing materials. J. Hazard. Mater., 221-222, 68-79.
  • Colak, S., Colakoglu, G., Testereci, H., Aydin, I. 2002. Formaldehyde and volatile acetic acid emission of plywood treated with ammonium acetate. Paper presented at the sixth european panel products symposium, North Wales Conference Centre, Llandudno, North Wales, UK.
  • Colak, S., Colakoglu, G. 2004. Volatile acetic acid and formaldehyde emission from plywood treated with boron compound. Building and Environment, 39, 533–536.
  • DIN EN 717-3, 1996. Wood-based panel products - Determination of formaldehyde release by the flask method.
  • Demir, A., Aydin, İ., Öztürk H. 2014. Effect of fire retardant chemicals on formaldehyde emission of plywood. 25th International Scientific Conference New Materials and Technologies in the Function of Wooden Products (17 October), 63-66, Zagreb, Croatia.
  • Farag, S., 1995. Synthesis and physicochemical studies of starch–sulphonated phenol formaldehyde cationic exchangers. Starch-Starke, 47, 192–196.
  • Grexa, O., Horvathova E., Besinova, O., Lehocky, P. 1999. Flame retardant plywood. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 64, 529–33.
  • Grigoriou, A.H., 2000. Straw–wood composites bonded with various adhesive systems. Wood Science and Technology 34, 355–365.
  • Groah, W.J., Gramp, G.D., Trant, M. 1984. Effect of a decorative vinyl overlay on formaldehyde emissions. Forest Products Journal, 34, 27–29.
  • Hao, B.Y., Liu, Z.T. 1993. The primary study on straw particleboard. Wood Industry 7 (3), 2–6.
  • Jahanshahee, Sh., Tabarsa, T., Asghari, J., Resalati, H. 2010. Investigation of the amount of tannic acid in Bark Oak (Quercus castanifolia). Wood Paper Ind. Iran, 2, 27–35.
  • Jahanshahee, Sh., Tabarsa, T., Asghari, J. 2012. Eco-friendly tannin–phenol formaldehyde resin for producing wood composites. Pigm. Resin Technology, 41, 296–301.
  • Junyou, S., Shengyou, Y. 2010. Effects of addition ammonia modified urea-melamine -formaldehyde resin on the adhesions and formaldehyde emission in plywood. Environment Materials and Environment Management PTS 1-3. Book Series: Advanced Materials Research, 113-116, 1226-1229.
  • Kim, S., Lee, Y.K., Hyun-Joong, K., Hyoung, L.H. 2003. Physico-mechanical properties of particleboards bonded with pine and wattle tannin-based adhesives. J. Adhes. Science Technology, 17, 1863–1875.
  • Kim, S., Kim, H.J. 2005. Effect of addition of polyvinyl acetate to melamine–formaldehyde resin on the adhesion and formaldehyde emission in engineered flooring. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, 25, 456–461.
  • Levan, S.L., Tran, H.C. 1990. The role of boron in flame-retardant treatments. In: Hamel M, editor. First international conference on wood protection with diffusible Preservatives (28–30 November), 39–41, Nashville, TN.
  • Milota, M.R., 2000. Emissions from wood drying. Forest Product Journal, 50 (6), 10–9.
  • Minemura, N., 1976. To lessen formaldehyde liberation from the urea resin glued plywood. Wood Industry, 31 (12), 8–12.
  • Myers, G.E., 1986. Effects of post-manufacture board treatments on formaldehyde emission: A literature review (1960-1984). Forest Products Journal, 36 (6), 41-45.
  • Nemli, G., Colakoglu, G. 2005. The influence of lamination technique on the properties of particleboard. Building and Environment, 40, 83–87.
  • Pizzi, A., Scharfetter, H.O. 1978. The chemistry and development of tannin based adhesives for exterior plywood’s. J. Appl. Polym. Science, 22, 1745–1761.
  • Pizzi, A., 2000. Tannery row – the story of some natural and synthetic wood adhesives. Wood Science Technology, 48, 277–316.
  • Salem, M.Z.M., Zeidler, A., Böhm, M., Srba, J. 2013. Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) as a bioresource: Evaluation of solid wood, particleboard, and MDF technological properties and formaldehyde emission. BioResources, 8 (1), 1199-1221.
  • Santana, M.A.E., Baumann, M.G.D., Conner, A.H. 1995. Resol resins prepared with tannin liquefied in phenol. Holzforschung, 49, 146–152.
  • Sundman, M.R., Larsen, A., Vestin, E., Weibull, A. 2007. Formaldehyde emission-Comparison of different standard methods. Atmospheric Environment, 41, 3193–3202.
  • Uchiyama, S., Matsushima, E., Kitao, N., Tokunaga, H., Andoc, M., Otsuboa, Y. 2007. Effect of natural compounds on reducing formaldehyde emission from plywood. Atmospheric Environment, 41, 8825–8830.
  • Sowunmi, S., Ebewele, R.O., Peters, O., Conner A.H. 2000. Differential scanning calorimetry of hydrolysed mangrove tannin. Polym. Int., 49, 574–578.
  • Schroder, K., Meyer-Plath, A., Keller, D., Besch, W., Babucke, G., Ohl, A. 2001. Plasma-induced surface functionalization of polymeric biomaterials in ammonia plasma. Contributions to Plasma Physics, 41(6), 562-572.
  • Tanritanir, E., Akbulut, T. 1999. Plywood industry and general situation of plywood trade. Laminart-Furniture and Decoration Journal, 9, 122–32.
  • Turunen, M., Alvila, L., Pakkanen, T.T., Rainio, J. 2003. Modification of phenol-formaldehyde resol resins by lignin, starch, and urea. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 88, 582–588.
  • Vazquez, G., Freire, S., Gonzalez, J., Antorrena, G. 2000. Characterization of Pinus pinaster bark and its alkaline extracts by diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared (DRIFT) spectroscopy. Holz als Roh-und Werkstoff, 58, 57–61.
  • Wang, W., Zhao, Z., Gao, Z., Guo, M. 2010. Water-resistant whey protein based wood adhesive modified by post-treated phenol-formaldehyde oligomers (PFO). BioResources. 7 (2), 1972-1983.
  • Wang, S.Y., Yang, T.H., Lin, Y.T., Lin, C.J., Tsai, M.J. 2007. Properties of low-formaldehyde-emission particleboard made from recycled wood-waste particles sprayed with PMDI/PF resin. Building and Environment, 42 (7), 2472–2479.
  • Wang, W.L., Gardner, D.J., Baummann, M.G.D. 2003. Factors affecting volatile organic compound emissions during hot-pressing of southern pine particleboard. Forest Products Journal, 53 (3), 65–72.
  • Wen, H.C., Yang, K., Ou, K.L., Wu, W.F., Chou, C.P., Luo, R.C., Chang, Y.M. 2006. Effects of ammonia plasma treatment on the surface characteristics of carbon fibers, Surface and Coatings Technology, 200 (10), 3166-3169.
  • White, R.H., Mitchell, S.S. 1992. Flame retardancy of wood: present status, recent problems, and future fields. In: Lewin M, editor. Recent advances in flame retardancy of polymeric materials. Proceedings of the third annual BCC conference on flame retardance, p. 250–7, Stamford, CT.
  • Wiglusz, R., Nikei, G., Igielska, G., Sitko, E. 2002. Volatile organic compounds emissions from particleboard veneered with decorative paper foil. Holzforschung, 56 (1), 108–110.
  • Winandy, J.E., 2001. Thermal degradation of fire-retardant-treated wood: predicting residual service life. Forest Products Journal, 51 (2),47–54.
  • Yoshida, C., Okabe, K., Yao, T., Shiraishi, N., Oya, A. 2005. Preparation of carbon fibers from biomass-based phenol formaldehyde resin. J. Mater. Sci., 40, 335–339.
  • Zhang, H., Liu, J., Lu, X. 2013. Reducing the Formaldehyde Emission of Composite Wood Products By Cold Plasma Treatment. Wood Research, 58 (4), 607-616.
There are 44 citations in total.

Details

Journal Section Articles
Authors

AYDIN Demir

İSMAİL Aydın

SEMRA Çolak

Publication Date November 27, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017 Volume: 17 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Demir, A., Aydın, İ., & Çolak, S. (2017). Effect of Various Fire Retardant Chemicals in Different Concentrations on Formaldehyde Emission of Plywood. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty, 17(3), 509-516. https://doi.org/10.17475/kastorman.283249
AMA Demir A, Aydın İ, Çolak S. Effect of Various Fire Retardant Chemicals in Different Concentrations on Formaldehyde Emission of Plywood. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty. November 2017;17(3):509-516. doi:10.17475/kastorman.283249
Chicago Demir, AYDIN, İSMAİL Aydın, and SEMRA Çolak. “Effect of Various Fire Retardant Chemicals in Different Concentrations on Formaldehyde Emission of Plywood”. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty 17, no. 3 (November 2017): 509-16. https://doi.org/10.17475/kastorman.283249.
EndNote Demir A, Aydın İ, Çolak S (November 1, 2017) Effect of Various Fire Retardant Chemicals in Different Concentrations on Formaldehyde Emission of Plywood. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty 17 3 509–516.
IEEE A. Demir, İ. Aydın, and S. Çolak, “Effect of Various Fire Retardant Chemicals in Different Concentrations on Formaldehyde Emission of Plywood”, Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 509–516, 2017, doi: 10.17475/kastorman.283249.
ISNAD Demir, AYDIN et al. “Effect of Various Fire Retardant Chemicals in Different Concentrations on Formaldehyde Emission of Plywood”. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty 17/3 (November 2017), 509-516. https://doi.org/10.17475/kastorman.283249.
JAMA Demir A, Aydın İ, Çolak S. Effect of Various Fire Retardant Chemicals in Different Concentrations on Formaldehyde Emission of Plywood. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty. 2017;17:509–516.
MLA Demir, AYDIN et al. “Effect of Various Fire Retardant Chemicals in Different Concentrations on Formaldehyde Emission of Plywood”. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty, vol. 17, no. 3, 2017, pp. 509-16, doi:10.17475/kastorman.283249.
Vancouver Demir A, Aydın İ, Çolak S. Effect of Various Fire Retardant Chemicals in Different Concentrations on Formaldehyde Emission of Plywood. Kastamonu University Journal of Forestry Faculty. 2017;17(3):509-16.

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