Evaluation of Heavy Metal Pollution in Commonly Consumed Mollusc (Crassostrea gasar) from Elechi Creek, River State, Nigeria and the Health Risk Implications

Ibienebo Chris Davies; Emeka Donald Anyanwu; Evelyn Godwin Amaewhule

doi:10.18596/jotcsa.1345416

Research Article

Evaluation of Heavy Metal Pollution in Commonly Consumed Mollusc (Crassostrea gasar) from Elechi Creek, River State, Nigeria and the Health Risk Implications

Year 2024, Volume: 11 Issue: 2, 525 - 532, 15.05.2024

Ibienebo Chris Davies Emeka Donald Anyanwu Evelyn Godwin Amaewhule

https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.1345416

Abstract

Marine biotas are used to assess potential adverse human health risks associated with consuming protein-rich aquatic organisms. Heavy metal content of Mangrove oysters (Crassostrea gasar) was evaluated between January and June 2022 in 3 stations. Six heavy metals (copper, cadmium, zinc, lead, arsenic and iron) were determined using standard methods. Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) and Hazard Index (HI) were used for the non-carcinogenic assessment while Target Cancer Risk (TR) was used for the carcinogenic assessment of the potential human health risk of consuming the oysters. The heavy metal values recorded were Cu (473.2 – 596.7 mg/kg), Cd (2.33 – 3.84 mg/kg), 209.02 – 246.41 mg/kg), Pb (6.16 – 12.07 mg/kg), As (0.012 – 0.016 mg/kg) and Fe (1609.0 – 1846.0 mg/kg). All the heavy metals were above the acceptable limits except arsenic. Stations 2 and 3 had relatively higher values; attributed to anthropogenic activities. The THQ and HI values were less than 1 in all the metals and stations while TR for Pb and arsenic were within the negligible range in all the stations. However, Cd was unacceptable among the children in station 2. Station 3 had relatively higher values while the children were more vulnerable to both non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks. In conclusion, the consumption of oysters from Elechi Creek is considered safe based on acceptable levels of the THQ, HI and TR; though Cd-TR for children (Station 2) was unacceptable.

Keywords

Heavy metals, Mangrove oysters, Health risks, Hazard Quotient, Carcinogenic assessment

References

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2. Zhang Y, Lu X, Wang N, Xin M, Geng S, Jia J, et al. Heavy metals in aquatic organisms of different trophic levels and their potential human health risk in Bohai Bay, China. Environ Sci Pollut Res [Internet]. 2016 Sep 1;23(17):17801–10. Available from: <URL>.
3. Barletta M, Lima ARA, Costa MF. Distribution, sources and consequences of nutrients, persistent organic pollutants, metals and microplastics in South American estuaries. Sci Total Environ [Internet]. 2019 Feb 15;651:1199–218. Available from: <URL>.
4. Dike CS, Vincent-Akpu IF, Babatunde BB, Sikoki FD. Investigation of the Concentration of some Metals in Blood Cockle (Senilia senilis) and Oyster (Crassostrea gasar) from Bonny Estuary and Assessment of the Human Health Risk Associated with their Consumption. J Appl Sci Environ Manag [Internet]. 2022 Apr 30;26(4):667–76. Available from: <URL>.
5. Noegrohati S. Sorption-desorption characteristics of heavy metals and their availability from the sediment of Segara anakan estuary. Indones J Chem [Internet]. 2010 Jun 15;5(3):236–44. Available from: <URL>.
6. Rajaram R, Ganeshkumar A, Vinothkannan A. Health risk assessment and bioaccumulation of toxic metals in commercially important finfish and shellfish resources collected from Tuticorin coast of Gulf of Mannar, Southeastern India. Mar Pollut Bull [Internet]. 2020 Oct 1;159:111469. Available from: <URL>.
7. Anyanwu ED, Adetunji OG, Ezekiel NI, Alexander RN. Heavy metal concentrations and health risk assessment of a rural multipurpose stream, Southeast Nigeria. Nat Resour Sustain Dev [Internet]. 2022;12(2):285–302. Available from: <URL>.
8. Noman MA, Feng W, Zhu G, Hossain MB, Chen Y, Zhang H, et al. Bioaccumulation and potential human health risks of metals in commercially important fishes and shellfishes from Hangzhou Bay, China. Sci Rep [Internet]. 2022 Mar 17;12(1):4634. Available from: <URL>.
9. Tanhan P, Lansubsakul N, Phaochoosak N, Sirinupong P, Yeesin P, Imsilp K. Human Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Concentration in Seafood Collected from Pattani Bay, Thailand. Toxics [Internet]. 2022 Dec 26;11(1):18. Available from: <URL>.
10. Kennedy A, Martinez K, Chuang CC, LaPoint K, McIntosh M. Saturated Fatty Acid-Mediated Inflammation and Insulin Resistance in Adipose Tissue: Mechanisms of Action and Implications. J Nutr [Internet]. 2009 Jan 1;139(1):1–4. Available from: <URL>.
11. Silva Lima L, Silva Vieira K, Freitas Delgado J, Antônio Baptista Neto J. Human Health risk assessment associated with the consumption of oysters ( Crassostrea gasar ) in Paranaguá Estuarine System/Brazil and its Salinity gradient as a tool to understand the contaminants assimilation dynamic. 2023 Jan 24; Available from: <URL>.
12. Sacchettini G, Castellini G, Graffigna G, Hung Y, Lambri M, Marques A, et al. Assessing consumers’ attitudes, expectations and intentions towards health and sustainability regarding seafood consumption in Italy. Sci Total Environ [Internet]. 2021 Oct 1;789:148049. Available from: <URL>.
13. Chris D, Ekperusi A. Evaluation of Heavy Metal Concentrations in Water, Sediment and Fishes of New Calabar River in Southern Nigeria. J Limnol Freshw Fish Res [Internet]. 2021 Dec 30;7(3):207–18. Available from: <URL>.
14. Baki MA, Hossain MM, Akter J, Quraishi SB, Haque Shojib MF, Atique Ullah AKM, et al. Concentration of heavy metals in seafood (fishes, shrimp, lobster and crabs) and human health assessment in Saint Martin Island, Bangladesh. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf [Internet]. 2018 Sep 15;159:153–63. Available from: <URL>.
15. Liu Q, Liao Y, Shou L. Concentration and potential health risk of heavy metals in seafoods collected from Sanmen Bay and its adjacent areas, China. Mar Pollut Bull [Internet]. 2018 Jun 1;131:356–64. Available from: <URL>.
16. Pandion K, Khalith SBM, Ravindran B, Chandrasekaran M, Rajagopal R, Alfarhan A, et al. Potential health risk caused by heavy metal associated with seafood consumption around coastal area. Environ Pollut [Internet]. 2022 Feb 1;294:118553. Available from: <URL>.
17. Davies DICC, Anyanwu ED. Assessment of some Heavy Metals and Health Risks in Water and Shrimps from a Polluted Mangrove Swamp, Niger Delta, Nigeria. Pollution [Internet]. 2023 Oct 1;9(4):1653–65. Available from: <URL>.
18. Azevedo JAM, Barros AB, Miranda PRB de, Costa JG da, Nascimento VX. Biomonitoring of Heavy Metals (Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Cd and Cr) in Oysters: Crassostrea rhizophorae of Mangrove Areas of Alagoas (Brazil). Brazilian Arch Biol Technol [Internet]. 2019 Oct 24;62:e19180211. Available from: <URL>.
19. Ashykin N, Razak A, Abdullah S. Analysis of Heavy Metals Concentration in Fish and Crustaceans from Muar River. Enhanc Knowl Sci Technol [Internet]. 2021 Jul 29;1(2):109–15. Available from: <URL>.
20. Numbere AO, Maduike EM. The Impact of Unsustainable Exploitation of Forest and Aquatic Resources of the Niger Delta, Nigeria. In: Izah SC, editor. Biodiversity in Africa: Potentials, Threats and Conservation [Internet]. Springer, Singapore; 2022. p. 239–65. Available from: <URL>.
21. Akankali JA, Davies IC, Blessing DI. Assesment of Sawmill and other Associated Wastes on the Water Quality of Ilo-abuchi Creek, Rivers State, Niger Delta. Asian J Fish Aquat Res [Internet]. 2022 May 6;17(4):1–13. Available from: <URL>.
22. Sibe L, Osuji LC, Hart AI. Physico-Chemical Alterations of Interstitial Water Quality by Artisanal Refining Operations at K-Dere Coastal Plain, South-Eastern Nigeria. Int J Sci Eng Res. 2019;10(12):194.
23. Ikezam P, Elenwo EI, Oyegun CU. Effects of Artisanal Refinery on the Environment, Public Health and Socio-Economic Development of Communities in the Niger Delta Region. Environ Manag Sustain Dev [Internet]. 2021 Aug 11;10(3):97. Available from: <URL>.
24. Onuh PA, Omenma TJ, Onyishi CJ, Udeogu CU, Nkalu NC, Iwuoha VO. Artisanal refining of crude oil in the Niger Delta: A challenge to clean-up and remediation in Ogoniland. Local Econ J Local Econ Policy Unit [Internet]. 2021 Sep 30;36(6):468–86. Available from: <URL>.
25. Yi Y, Yang Z, Zhang S. Ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in sediment and human health risk assessment of heavy metals in fishes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin. Environ Pollut [Internet]. 2011 Oct 1;159(10):2575–85. Available from: <URL>.
26. Anyanwu BO, Ibienebo Chris D. Human health hazard implications of heavy metals concentration in swimming crab (Callinectes amnicola) from polluted creeks in Rivers State, Nigeria. Case Stud Chem Environ Eng [Internet]. 2023 Jun 1;7:100325. Available from: <URL>.
27. Biswas C, Soma SS, Rohani MF, Rahman MH, Bashar A, Hossain MS. Assessment of heavy metals in farmed shrimp, Penaeus monodon sampled from Khulna, Bangladesh: An inimical to food safety aspects. Heliyon [Internet]. 2021 Mar 1;7(3):e06587. Available from: <URL>.
28. Markmanuel DP, Amos-Tautau BMW, Songca SP. Tin Concentrations and Human Health Risk Assessment for Children and Adults in Seafood and Canned Fish commonly consumed in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. J Appl Sci Environ Manag [Internet]. 2022 Jul 31;26(7):1263–9. Available from: <URL>.
29. USEPA. Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund Volume I: Human Health Evaluation Manual (Part E). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2004; Available from: <URL>.
30. Sharma S Das. Risk assessment via oral and dermal pathways from heavy metal polluted water of Kolleru lake - A Ramsar wetland in Andhra Pradesh, India. Environ Anal Heal Toxicol [Internet]. 2020 Sep 28;35(3):e2020019. Available from: <URL>.
31. Moldovan A, Hoaghia MA, Kovacs E, Mirea IC, Kenesz M, Arghir RA, et al. Quality and Health Risk Assessment Associated with Water Consumption—A Case Study on Karstic Springs. Water [Internet]. 2020 Dec 14;12(12):3510. Available from: <URL>.
32. IAEA. Certification of trace elements and methylmercury mass fractions in fish flesh homogenate (IAEA-407A). IAEA Analytical Quality in Nuclear Applications Series No. 68 (IAEI/AQ/68). International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria. 2022; Available from: <URL>.
33. Giandomenico S, Cardellicchio N, Spada L, Annicchiarico C, Di Leo A. Metals and PCB levels in some edible marine organisms from the Ionian Sea: dietary intake evaluation and risk for consumers. Environ Sci Pollut Res [Internet]. 2016 Jul 4;23(13):12596–612. Available from: <URL>.
34. Orisakwe OE, Nduka JK, Amadi CN, Dike DO, Bede O. Heavy metals health risk assessment for population via consumption of food crops and fruits in Owerri, South Eastern, Nigeria. Chem Cent J [Internet]. 2012 Dec 1;6(1):77. Available from: <URL>.
35. Bonsignore M, Salvagio Manta D, Mirto S, Quinci EM, Ape F, Montalto V, et al. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in fish, crustaceans, molluscs and echinoderms from the Tuscany coast. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf [Internet]. 2018 Oct 30;162:554–62. Available from: <URL>.

Year 2024, Volume: 11 Issue: 2, 525 - 532, 15.05.2024

Ibienebo Chris Davies Emeka Donald Anyanwu Evelyn Godwin Amaewhule

https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.1345416

Abstract

References

1. van Maanen B, Sottolichio A. Hydro- and sediment dynamics in the Gironde estuary (France): Sensitivity to seasonal variations in river inflow and sea level rise. Cont Shelf Res [Internet]. 2018 Aug 1;165:37–50. Available from: <URL>.
2. Zhang Y, Lu X, Wang N, Xin M, Geng S, Jia J, et al. Heavy metals in aquatic organisms of different trophic levels and their potential human health risk in Bohai Bay, China. Environ Sci Pollut Res [Internet]. 2016 Sep 1;23(17):17801–10. Available from: <URL>.
3. Barletta M, Lima ARA, Costa MF. Distribution, sources and consequences of nutrients, persistent organic pollutants, metals and microplastics in South American estuaries. Sci Total Environ [Internet]. 2019 Feb 15;651:1199–218. Available from: <URL>.
4. Dike CS, Vincent-Akpu IF, Babatunde BB, Sikoki FD. Investigation of the Concentration of some Metals in Blood Cockle (Senilia senilis) and Oyster (Crassostrea gasar) from Bonny Estuary and Assessment of the Human Health Risk Associated with their Consumption. J Appl Sci Environ Manag [Internet]. 2022 Apr 30;26(4):667–76. Available from: <URL>.
5. Noegrohati S. Sorption-desorption characteristics of heavy metals and their availability from the sediment of Segara anakan estuary. Indones J Chem [Internet]. 2010 Jun 15;5(3):236–44. Available from: <URL>.
6. Rajaram R, Ganeshkumar A, Vinothkannan A. Health risk assessment and bioaccumulation of toxic metals in commercially important finfish and shellfish resources collected from Tuticorin coast of Gulf of Mannar, Southeastern India. Mar Pollut Bull [Internet]. 2020 Oct 1;159:111469. Available from: <URL>.
7. Anyanwu ED, Adetunji OG, Ezekiel NI, Alexander RN. Heavy metal concentrations and health risk assessment of a rural multipurpose stream, Southeast Nigeria. Nat Resour Sustain Dev [Internet]. 2022;12(2):285–302. Available from: <URL>.
8. Noman MA, Feng W, Zhu G, Hossain MB, Chen Y, Zhang H, et al. Bioaccumulation and potential human health risks of metals in commercially important fishes and shellfishes from Hangzhou Bay, China. Sci Rep [Internet]. 2022 Mar 17;12(1):4634. Available from: <URL>.
9. Tanhan P, Lansubsakul N, Phaochoosak N, Sirinupong P, Yeesin P, Imsilp K. Human Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Concentration in Seafood Collected from Pattani Bay, Thailand. Toxics [Internet]. 2022 Dec 26;11(1):18. Available from: <URL>.
10. Kennedy A, Martinez K, Chuang CC, LaPoint K, McIntosh M. Saturated Fatty Acid-Mediated Inflammation and Insulin Resistance in Adipose Tissue: Mechanisms of Action and Implications. J Nutr [Internet]. 2009 Jan 1;139(1):1–4. Available from: <URL>.
11. Silva Lima L, Silva Vieira K, Freitas Delgado J, Antônio Baptista Neto J. Human Health risk assessment associated with the consumption of oysters ( Crassostrea gasar ) in Paranaguá Estuarine System/Brazil and its Salinity gradient as a tool to understand the contaminants assimilation dynamic. 2023 Jan 24; Available from: <URL>.
12. Sacchettini G, Castellini G, Graffigna G, Hung Y, Lambri M, Marques A, et al. Assessing consumers’ attitudes, expectations and intentions towards health and sustainability regarding seafood consumption in Italy. Sci Total Environ [Internet]. 2021 Oct 1;789:148049. Available from: <URL>.
13. Chris D, Ekperusi A. Evaluation of Heavy Metal Concentrations in Water, Sediment and Fishes of New Calabar River in Southern Nigeria. J Limnol Freshw Fish Res [Internet]. 2021 Dec 30;7(3):207–18. Available from: <URL>.
14. Baki MA, Hossain MM, Akter J, Quraishi SB, Haque Shojib MF, Atique Ullah AKM, et al. Concentration of heavy metals in seafood (fishes, shrimp, lobster and crabs) and human health assessment in Saint Martin Island, Bangladesh. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf [Internet]. 2018 Sep 15;159:153–63. Available from: <URL>.
15. Liu Q, Liao Y, Shou L. Concentration and potential health risk of heavy metals in seafoods collected from Sanmen Bay and its adjacent areas, China. Mar Pollut Bull [Internet]. 2018 Jun 1;131:356–64. Available from: <URL>.
16. Pandion K, Khalith SBM, Ravindran B, Chandrasekaran M, Rajagopal R, Alfarhan A, et al. Potential health risk caused by heavy metal associated with seafood consumption around coastal area. Environ Pollut [Internet]. 2022 Feb 1;294:118553. Available from: <URL>.
17. Davies DICC, Anyanwu ED. Assessment of some Heavy Metals and Health Risks in Water and Shrimps from a Polluted Mangrove Swamp, Niger Delta, Nigeria. Pollution [Internet]. 2023 Oct 1;9(4):1653–65. Available from: <URL>.
18. Azevedo JAM, Barros AB, Miranda PRB de, Costa JG da, Nascimento VX. Biomonitoring of Heavy Metals (Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Cd and Cr) in Oysters: Crassostrea rhizophorae of Mangrove Areas of Alagoas (Brazil). Brazilian Arch Biol Technol [Internet]. 2019 Oct 24;62:e19180211. Available from: <URL>.
19. Ashykin N, Razak A, Abdullah S. Analysis of Heavy Metals Concentration in Fish and Crustaceans from Muar River. Enhanc Knowl Sci Technol [Internet]. 2021 Jul 29;1(2):109–15. Available from: <URL>.
20. Numbere AO, Maduike EM. The Impact of Unsustainable Exploitation of Forest and Aquatic Resources of the Niger Delta, Nigeria. In: Izah SC, editor. Biodiversity in Africa: Potentials, Threats and Conservation [Internet]. Springer, Singapore; 2022. p. 239–65. Available from: <URL>.
21. Akankali JA, Davies IC, Blessing DI. Assesment of Sawmill and other Associated Wastes on the Water Quality of Ilo-abuchi Creek, Rivers State, Niger Delta. Asian J Fish Aquat Res [Internet]. 2022 May 6;17(4):1–13. Available from: <URL>.
22. Sibe L, Osuji LC, Hart AI. Physico-Chemical Alterations of Interstitial Water Quality by Artisanal Refining Operations at K-Dere Coastal Plain, South-Eastern Nigeria. Int J Sci Eng Res. 2019;10(12):194.
23. Ikezam P, Elenwo EI, Oyegun CU. Effects of Artisanal Refinery on the Environment, Public Health and Socio-Economic Development of Communities in the Niger Delta Region. Environ Manag Sustain Dev [Internet]. 2021 Aug 11;10(3):97. Available from: <URL>.
24. Onuh PA, Omenma TJ, Onyishi CJ, Udeogu CU, Nkalu NC, Iwuoha VO. Artisanal refining of crude oil in the Niger Delta: A challenge to clean-up and remediation in Ogoniland. Local Econ J Local Econ Policy Unit [Internet]. 2021 Sep 30;36(6):468–86. Available from: <URL>.
25. Yi Y, Yang Z, Zhang S. Ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in sediment and human health risk assessment of heavy metals in fishes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin. Environ Pollut [Internet]. 2011 Oct 1;159(10):2575–85. Available from: <URL>.
26. Anyanwu BO, Ibienebo Chris D. Human health hazard implications of heavy metals concentration in swimming crab (Callinectes amnicola) from polluted creeks in Rivers State, Nigeria. Case Stud Chem Environ Eng [Internet]. 2023 Jun 1;7:100325. Available from: <URL>.
27. Biswas C, Soma SS, Rohani MF, Rahman MH, Bashar A, Hossain MS. Assessment of heavy metals in farmed shrimp, Penaeus monodon sampled from Khulna, Bangladesh: An inimical to food safety aspects. Heliyon [Internet]. 2021 Mar 1;7(3):e06587. Available from: <URL>.
28. Markmanuel DP, Amos-Tautau BMW, Songca SP. Tin Concentrations and Human Health Risk Assessment for Children and Adults in Seafood and Canned Fish commonly consumed in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. J Appl Sci Environ Manag [Internet]. 2022 Jul 31;26(7):1263–9. Available from: <URL>.
29. USEPA. Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund Volume I: Human Health Evaluation Manual (Part E). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2004; Available from: <URL>.
30. Sharma S Das. Risk assessment via oral and dermal pathways from heavy metal polluted water of Kolleru lake - A Ramsar wetland in Andhra Pradesh, India. Environ Anal Heal Toxicol [Internet]. 2020 Sep 28;35(3):e2020019. Available from: <URL>.
31. Moldovan A, Hoaghia MA, Kovacs E, Mirea IC, Kenesz M, Arghir RA, et al. Quality and Health Risk Assessment Associated with Water Consumption—A Case Study on Karstic Springs. Water [Internet]. 2020 Dec 14;12(12):3510. Available from: <URL>.
32. IAEA. Certification of trace elements and methylmercury mass fractions in fish flesh homogenate (IAEA-407A). IAEA Analytical Quality in Nuclear Applications Series No. 68 (IAEI/AQ/68). International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria. 2022; Available from: <URL>.
33. Giandomenico S, Cardellicchio N, Spada L, Annicchiarico C, Di Leo A. Metals and PCB levels in some edible marine organisms from the Ionian Sea: dietary intake evaluation and risk for consumers. Environ Sci Pollut Res [Internet]. 2016 Jul 4;23(13):12596–612. Available from: <URL>.
34. Orisakwe OE, Nduka JK, Amadi CN, Dike DO, Bede O. Heavy metals health risk assessment for population via consumption of food crops and fruits in Owerri, South Eastern, Nigeria. Chem Cent J [Internet]. 2012 Dec 1;6(1):77. Available from: <URL>.
35. Bonsignore M, Salvagio Manta D, Mirto S, Quinci EM, Ape F, Montalto V, et al. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in fish, crustaceans, molluscs and echinoderms from the Tuscany coast. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf [Internet]. 2018 Oct 30;162:554–62. Available from: <URL>.

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Details

Primary Language	English
Subjects	Biochemistry and Cell Biology (Other), Analytical Spectrometry, Bioassays, Metal Cluster Chemistry
Journal Section	RESEARCH ARTICLES
Authors	Ibienebo Chris Davies 0000-0002-1722-7776 Emeka Donald Anyanwu 0000-0002-8593-6865 Evelyn Godwin Amaewhule 0009-0000-8357-1973
Publication Date	May 15, 2024
Submission Date	August 18, 2023
Acceptance Date	December 6, 2023
Published in Issue	Year 2024 Volume: 11 Issue: 2

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Vancouver	Davies IC, Anyanwu ED, Amaewhule EG. Evaluation of Heavy Metal Pollution in Commonly Consumed Mollusc (Crassostrea gasar) from Elechi Creek, River State, Nigeria and the Health Risk Implications. JOTCSA. 2024;11(2):525-32.

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