Research Article
Nutritional Assessment and Proximate Analysis of Selected Vegetables Grown in Larkana, Sindh, Pakistan
Abstract
Food security and protection are the most crucial concerns worldwide. However, vegetables may significantly contribute to the macro and micro-nutrients for good health compared to dietary supplements. Eight vegetables of the Larkanadivision, namely spinach (Spinacia oleracea), brinjal (Solanum melongina L.), sponge gourd (Luffa acutangula), lotus root (Lelumbo nucifera), okra (Abelmoschus esculentus), coriander leave (Coriandrum sativum), fenugreek leave (Trigonella foenum graecum), and cauliflower (Brassica oleracea) were studied for their proximate, macro and micro-mineral contents to estimate their importance in human nutrition. The results showed that almost all vegetables contain appreciable amounts of essential nutrients. All the vegetables showed moisture contents of >70.00%. Lotus and sponge gourd have a maximum level of carbohydrates (>10.00%). Fiber was found in the range of 2.70 – 5.10%, with the highest in the okra. Protein and fat were found at < 4.00%, with maximum protein in spinach and fat in fenugreek leaves. The studied vegetables showed maximum levels of K and Ca, followed by Na, Mg, Fe, Zn, and Cu while Cr and Mn were observed to be < 5.00 µg/g. The macro and micro-minerals in the studied vegetables were within the maximum permissible limits recommended by WHO. Moreover, the eight studied vegetables of the Larkana division can also provide up to 1.00% of the required dietary daily intake of macro and micro-nutrients as recommended by the Food and Nutrition Board.
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References
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- 33. Naz S, Anjum MA, Akhtar S, Naqvi SAH, Zulfiqar MA. Effect of Different Irrigation Sources on Proximate Composition and Heavy Metals Uptake in Some Selected Vegetables. PJAR [Internet]. 2018 Nov [cited 2022 Aug 4];31(4). .
- 34. Akindahunsi A, Salawu S. Phytochemical screening and nutrient-antinutrient composition of selected tropical green leafy vegetables. African Journal of Biotechnology [Internet]. 2005;4(6):497–501. .
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- 37. Bux Baloch A, Xia X, Ahmed Sheikh S. Proximate and Mineral Compositions of Dried Cauliflower (Brassica Oleracea L.) Grown In Sindh, Pakistan. JFNR [Internet]. 2015 Mar 27 [cited 2022 Aug 4];3(3):213–9. .
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Year 2022,
Volume: 9 Issue: 4, 985 - 998, 30.11.2022
Abstract
Project Number
no
References
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- 3. Taiga A, Suleiman M, Aina D, Sule W, Alege G. Proximate analysis of some dry season vegetables in Anyigba, Kogi State, Nigeria. Afr J Biotechnol [Internet]. 2008;7(10):1588–90. .
- 4. Bhatti S, Baig JA, Kazi TG, Afridi HI, Pathan AA. Macro and micro mineral composition of Pakistani common spices: a case study. Food Measure [Internet]. 2019 Dec [cited 2022 Aug 4];13(4):2529–41. .
- 5. Hussain J, Rehman NU, Khan AL, Hamayun M, Hussain SM, Shinwari ZK. Proximate and essential nutrients evaluation of selected vegetables species from Kohat region, Pakistan. Pak J bot. 2010;42(4):2847–55.
- 6. Akhter P, Akram M, Orfi S, Ahmad N. Assessment of dietary zinc ingestion in Pakistan. Nutrition [Internet]. 2002 Mar [cited 2022 Aug 4];18(3):274–8. .
- 7. Özcan MM, Akbulut M. Estimation of minerals, nitrate and nitrite contents of medicinal and aromatic plants used as spices, condiments and herbal tea. Food Chemistry [Internet]. 2008 Jan [cited 2022 Aug 4];106(2):852–8. .
- 8. Tulchinsky TH. Micronutrient Deficiency Conditions: Global Health Issues. Public Health Rev [Internet]. 2010 Jun [cited 2022 Aug 4];32(1):243–55. .
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- 10. Burchi F, Fanzo J, Frison E. The Role of Food and Nutrition System Approaches in Tackling Hidden Hunger. IJERPH [Internet]. 2011 Jan 31 [cited 2022 Aug 4];8(2):358–73. .
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- 12. Benton D, ILSI Europe a.i.s.b.l. Micronutrient status, cognition and behavioral problems in childhood. Eur J Nutr [Internet]. 2008 Aug [cited 2022 Aug 4];47(S3):38–50. .
- 13. Fanzo J. Ethical issues for human nutrition in the context of global food security and sustainable development. Global Food Security [Internet]. 2015 Dec [cited 2022 Aug 4];7:15–23. .
- 14. Kin CFW, Shan WSY, Shun LJC, Chung LP, Jean W. Experience of famine and bone health in post-menopausal women. International Journal of Epidemiology [Internet]. 2007 Oct 1 [cited 2022 Aug 4];36(5):1143–50. .
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- 16. Akeredolu IA, Oguntona BE, Okafor C, Osisanya OJ. Iron, Zinc, and Copper Malnutrition among Primary School Children in Lagos, Niagara. FNS [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2022 Aug 4];02(10):1063–70. .
- 17. Bhandari S, Banjara MR. Micronutrients Deficiency, a Hidden Hunger in Nepal: Prevalence, Causes, Consequences, and Solutions. International Scholarly Research Notices [Internet]. 2015 Jan 15 [cited 2022 Aug 4];2015:1–9. .
- 18. Camaschella C. Iron-Deficiency Anemia. Longo DL, editor. N Engl J Med [Internet]. 2015 May 7 [cited 2022 Aug 4];372(19):1832–43. .
- 19. Burden RJ, Morton K, Richards T, Whyte GP, Pedlar CR. Is iron treatment beneficial in, iron-deficient but non-anaemic (IDNA) endurance athletes? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med [Internet]. 2015 Nov [cited 2022 Aug 4];49(21):1389–97. .
- 20. Arinola OG. Essential Trace Elements and Metal Binding Proteins in Nigerian Consumers of Alcoholic Beverages. Pakistan J of Nutrition [Internet]. 2008 Oct 15 [cited 2022 Aug 4];7(6):763–5. .
- 21. KO S, CO O, O EO. The importance of mineral elements for humans, domestic animals and plants-A review. African journal of food science. 2010;4(5):200–22.
- 22. Tan JC, Burns DL, Jones HR. Severe Ataxia, Myelopathy, and Peripheral Neuropathy Due to Acquired Copper Deficiency in a Patient With History of Gastrectomy. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr [Internet]. 2006 Sep [cited 2022 Aug 4];30(5):446–50. .
- 23. Santamaria AB. Manganese exposure, essentiality & toxicity. Indian J Med Res. 2008 Oct;128(4):484–500.
- 24. Erikson KM, Aschner M. Manganese neurotoxicity and glutamate-GABA interaction. Neurochemistry International [Internet]. 2003 Sep [cited 2022 Aug 4];43(4–5):475–80. .
- 25. Pandey M, Abidi AB, Singh S, Singh RP. Nutritional Evaluation of Leafy Vegetable Paratha. Journal of Human Ecology [Internet]. 2006 Feb [cited 2022 Aug 4];19(2):155–6. .
- 26. Khan S, Rehman S, Zeb Khan A, Amjad Khan M, Tahir Shah M. Soil and vegetables enrichment with heavy metals from geological sources in Gilgit, northern Pakistan. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety [Internet]. 2010 Oct [cited 2022 Aug 4];73(7):1820–7.
- 27. Kazi TG, Wadhwa SK, Afridi HI, Talpur FN, Tuzen M, Baig JA. Comparison of essential and toxic elements in esophagus, lung, mouth and urinary bladder male cancer patients with related to controls. Environ Sci Pollut Res [Internet]. 2015 May [cited 2022 Aug 4];22(10):7705–15. .
- 28. Iheanacho K, Udebuani A. Nutritional Composition of Some Leafy Vegetables Consumed in Imo State, Nigeria. J Appl Sci Environ Manag [Internet]. 2009;13(3):35–8. .
- 29. Patricia O, Zoue L, Megnanou RM, Doue R, Niamke S. Proximate composition and nutritive value of leafy vegetables consumed in Northern Cote d’Ivoire. European Scientific Journal. 2014;10(6).
- 30. AOAC BAM. Official Methods of Analysis. 17th edition. Gaithersburg, MD, USA.: The Association of Official Analytical Chemists; 2000.
- 31. Hussain J, Rehman N, Khan AL, Hussain H, Al-Harrasi A, Ali L, et al. Determination of macro and micronutrients and nutritional prospects of six vegetable species of Mardan, Pakistan. Pak J Bot. 2011;43(6):2829–33.
- 32. Hussain J, Latif Khan A, ur Rehman N, . Z, Khan F, Tasleem Hu S, et al. Proximate and Nutrient Investigations of Selected Medicinal Plants Species of Pakistan. Pakistan J of Nutrition [Internet]. 2009 Apr 15 [cited 2022 Aug 4];8(5):620–4. .
- 33. Naz S, Anjum MA, Akhtar S, Naqvi SAH, Zulfiqar MA. Effect of Different Irrigation Sources on Proximate Composition and Heavy Metals Uptake in Some Selected Vegetables. PJAR [Internet]. 2018 Nov [cited 2022 Aug 4];31(4). .
- 34. Akindahunsi A, Salawu S. Phytochemical screening and nutrient-antinutrient composition of selected tropical green leafy vegetables. African Journal of Biotechnology [Internet]. 2005;4(6):497–501. .
- 35. Kwenin W, Wolli M, Dzomeku B. Assessing the nutritional value of some African indigenous green leafy vegetables in Ghana. 2011;
- 36. Islam MS, Hoque M. Concentrations of heavy metals in vegetables around the industrial area of Dhaka city, Bangladesh and health risk assessment. International Food Research Journal. 2014;21(6).
- 37. Bux Baloch A, Xia X, Ahmed Sheikh S. Proximate and Mineral Compositions of Dried Cauliflower (Brassica Oleracea L.) Grown In Sindh, Pakistan. JFNR [Internet]. 2015 Mar 27 [cited 2022 Aug 4];3(3):213–9. .
- 38. Ashraf I, Ahmad F, Sharif A, Altaf AR, Teng H. Heavy metals assessment in water, soil, vegetables and their associated health risks via consumption of vegetables, District Kasur, Pakistan. SN Appl Sci [Internet]. 2021 May [cited 2022 Aug 4];3(5):552. .
- 39. Nawab J, Farooqi S, Xiaoping W, Khan S, Khan A. Levels, dietary intake, and health risk of potentially toxic metals in vegetables, fruits, and cereal crops in Pakistan. Environ Sci Pollut Res [Internet]. 2018 Feb [cited 2022 Aug 4];25(6):5558–71. .
- 40. Shan Z, Rehm CD, Rogers G, Ruan M, Wang DD, Hu FB, et al. Trends in Dietary Carbohydrate, Protein, and Fat Intake and Diet Quality Among US Adults, 1999-2016. JAMA [Internet]. 2019 Sep 24 [cited 2022 Aug 4];322(12):1178. .
- 41. Ahmad N, Akhtar MS, Ahmed R, Zafar R, Hussain S, Ishaqe M, et al. Assessment of heavy metals in vegetables, sewage and soil grown near Babu Sabu Toll Plaza of Lahore, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Analytical & Environmental Chemistry. 2019;20(1):82–7.
- 42. Hameed O, Shafi F. Studies on nutritional composition of coriander leaves by using sun and cabinet drying methods. 2017 [cited 2022 Aug 4]; .
- 43. Choudhury R, Garg A. Variation in essential, trace and toxic elemental contents in Murraya koenigii – A spice and medicinal herb from different Indian states. Food Chemistry [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2022 Aug 4];104(4):1454–63. .
- 44. Perveen S, Samad A, Nazif W, Shah S. Impact of sewage water on vegetables quality with respect to heavy metals in Peshawar, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 2012;44(6):1923–31.
- 45. Akhtar MS, Ahmed M, HAQ Q. Heavy metals in vegetables grown in Korangi Area, Karachi, Pakistan. FUUAST Journal of Biology. 2013;3(1 june):71–4.
- 46. Bhagure GR, Mirgane SR. Heavy metal concentrations in groundwaters and soils of Thane Region of Maharashtra, India. Environ Monit Assess [Internet]. 2011 Feb [cited 2022 Aug 4];173(1–4):643–52. .
- 47. Wadood SA, Sharif MK, Ashraf MN, Ejaz R, Kosar G, Azeem M, et al. Estimation of Heavy Metals and Associated Health Risk in Selected Vegetables Grown in Peri-Urban Areas of Multan and Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research [Internet]. 2021 Mar 3 [cited 2022 Aug 4];64(1):55–63. .
- 48. Mahmood A, Malik RN. Human health risk assessment of heavy metals via consumption of contaminated vegetables collected from different irrigation sources in Lahore, Pakistan. Arabian Journal of Chemistry [Internet]. 2014 Jan [cited 2022 Aug 4];7(1):91–9. .
- 49. ur Rehman K, Bukhari SM, Andleeb S, Mahmood A, Erinle KO, Naeem MM, et al. Ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in vegetables irrigated with groundwater and wastewater: The particular case of Sahiwal district in Pakistan. Agricultural Water Management [Internet]. 2019 Dec [cited 2022 Aug 4];226:105816. .
- 50. Raphael I, Nalawade S, Eagar TN, Forsthuber TG. T cell subsets and their signature cytokines in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Cytokine [Internet]. 2015 Jul [cited 2022 Aug 4];74(1):5–17. .
- 51. Rc T, A R. Heavy Metals Contamination in Vegetables and its Growing Soil. J Environ Anal Chem [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2022 Aug 4];02(03). .
There are 51 citations in total.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Analytical Chemistry |
| Journal Section | Articles |
| Authors | |
| Project Number | no |
| Publication Date | November 30, 2022 |
| Submission Date | March 8, 2022 |
| Acceptance Date | July 11, 2022 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2022 Volume: 9 Issue: 4 |
Cited By
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https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-023-05427-1
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