Research Article
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Year 2022, Volume: 9 Issue: 3, 126 - 145, 08.09.2022
https://doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.1037842

Abstract

References

  • Aktan,Y., Isinibilir, M., Topaloglu, B., Dede, A., & Cardak, M. (2008). Mucilage phenomenon in Turkey: possible causes and consequences in coastal ecosystems of Marmara Sea. The 13th International Conference On Harmful Algae (p. B16). Hong Kong: International Society for the Study of Harmful Algae.
  • Bardvaid, M. (2021). Retrieved from CGTN Web Site: https://news.cgtn.com/news/2021-06-20/Marine-mucilage-threatens-Turkey-s-Marmara-sea-11fOMroceRO/index.html
  • Bat, L., Öztekin, A., Şahin, F., Arıcı, E., and Özsandıkçı, U. (2018). An overview of the Black Sea pollution in Turkey. Mediterranean Fisheries and Aquaculture Research. 1(2): 66-86.
  • Beşiktepe, S., Sur, H., Özsoy, E., Latif, M., Oguz, T., Ünlüata, Ü. (1994). The circulation and hydrography of the Marmara Sea. Progress In Oceanography. (34) 285-334. 10.1016/0079-6611(94)90018-3.
  • BIA News Desk. (2021). Bianet. Retrieved from Bianet Web Site: https://m.bianet.org/english/environment/245743-pictures-show-gravity-of-sea-snot-problem-in-marmara.
  • Brackett, R. (2021). Weather. Retrieved from Weather Web Site: https://weather.com/science/environment/news/2021-06-08-sea-snot-marine-mucilage-turkey-istanbul-sea-of-marmara.
  • Chiggiato, J., Jarosz, E., Book, J. W., Dyke, J., Torrisi, L., Poulain, P.M. and Beşiktepe, Ş. (2012). Dynamics of the circulation in the Sea of Marmara: numerical modeling experiments and observations from the Turkish straits system experiment. Ocean Dynamics 62), 139–159. https://doi 10.1007/s10236-011-0485-5.
  • Danovaro, R., Umani, S. F., & Pusceddu, A. (2009). Climate Change and the Potential Spreading of Marine Mucilage and Microbial Pathogens in the Mediterranean Sea. PLoS ONE, 4(9), e7006. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0007006.
  • De Lazzari, A., Berto, D., Cassin, D., Boldrin, A., & Giani, M. (2008). Influence of winds and oceanographic conditions on the mucilage aggregation in the Northern Adriatic Sea in 2003–2006. Marine Ecology (29) 469–482. https://doi:10.1111/j.1439-0485.2008.00268.x.
  • Deserti, M., Cacciamani, C., Chiggiato, J., Rinaldib, A., & Ferrarib, C. R. (2005). Relationships between northern Adriatic Sea mucilage events and climate variability. Science of The Total Environment, 353(1-3), 82-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.09.009.
  • Engin, M., Yokes, M.B., Yümün, Z., Eryılmaz, M., Yücesoy, F.E. (2018). Alien Benthic Foraminifers from Turkish Strait System. International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics (5) 68-75. 10.30897/ijegeo.412343.
  • Fabio, R.N., Samuela, C., Antonella, P. (2014). Potential environmental factors influencing mucilage formation in the northern Adriatic Sea. Chemistry and Ecology, 30 (4) 364-375(12). https://doi.org/10.1080/02757540.2013.877004.
  • Flander-Putrle, V. & Malej, A. (2008). The evolution and phytoplankton composition of mucilaginous aggregates. Harmful Algae, (7) 752-761. https://doi:10.1016/j.hal.2008.02.009.
  • Huang, B., Liu, C., Banzon, V., Freeman, E., Graham, G., Hankins, B., Zhang, H.M. (2021). Improvements of the Daily Optimum Interpolation Sea Surface Temperature (DOISST) Version 2.1. American Climatic Society, 34(8), 2923–2939. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-20-0166.s1.
  • Ilicak, M., Federico, I., Barletta, I., Mutlu, S., Karan, H., Ciliberti, S.A., Clementi, E., Coppini, G., Pinardi, N. (2021). Modeling of the Turkish Strait System Using a High Resolution Unstructured Grid Ocean Circulation Model. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 9(769). https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9070769.
  • Nazirova, K., Alferyeva, Y., Lavrova, O., Shur, Y., Soloviev, D., Bocharova, T., Strochkov, A. (2021).Comparison of In Situ and Remote-Sensing Methods to Determine Turbidity and Concentration of Suspended Matter in the Estuary Zone of the Mzymta River, Black Sea. Remote Sensing. 13 (143). https://doi.org/10.3390/ rs13010143
  • NewScientist. (2021). NewScientist. Retrieved from NewScientist Web Site: https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg25133473-000-sea-snot-swirls-in-turkeys-sea-of-marmara-reach-record-size/.
  • Precali, R., Giani, M., Marini, M., Grilli, F., Ferrari, C. R., Pecar, O., & Paschini, E. (2005). Mucilaginous aggregates in the northern Adriatic in the period 1999-2002: Typology and distribution. Science of The Total Environment, 353(1-3), 10-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.09.066.
  • Russo, A., Maccaferri, S., Djakovac, T., Precali, R., Degobbisd, D., Deserti, M., and Paschinib, E. (2005). Climatic and oceanographic conditions in the northern Adriatic Sea during the period June 1999–July 2002: Influence on the mucilage phenomenon. Science of The Total Environment, 353(1-3), 24-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.09.058.
  • Savun, H.B and Gazioğlu, C. (2021).Mucilage Problem in the Semi-Enclosed Seas: Recent Outbreak in the Sea of Marmara, International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics, 8(4).402-413.
  • Shi W., Wang M.(2010). Characterization of global ocean turbidity from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer ocean color observations. Journal of Geophysical Research:Ocean. (115) Issue C11. 148-227. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JC006160.
  • Wilcox, C. (2021). The Scientist. Retrieved from The Scientist Web Site: https://www.the-scientist.com/news-opinion/why-turkey-s-sea-of-marmara-is-full-of-marine-snot-68876. Xie, C., Li, J., Pan, F., Fu, J., Zhou, W., Lu, S., Zhou, C. (2018). Environmental factors influencing mucilage accumulation of the endangered Brasenia schreberi in China. Scientific Reports, 8:17955. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-36448-3

An Analysis of Meteorological Conditions in Relation to Occurrence of the Mucilage Outbreaks in Sea of Marmara, March-June 2021

Year 2022, Volume: 9 Issue: 3, 126 - 145, 08.09.2022
https://doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.1037842

Abstract

A severe mucilage problem appeared as a major environmental disaster in the Marmara Sea, Turkey, during March-May 2021 period, imposing significant implications for the fishing industry, marine life and tourism. This study aimed to provide an insight into the mucilage outbreak observed in the Marmara Sea during March-May 2021 period by establishing some links between meteorological factors including SST anomalies and changes in wind speed and mucilage occurrence and puts some emphasis on the importance of monitoring variability of such parameters to assess mucilage outbreaks. For this purpose, mean and maximum SSTs and wind speed variability at a number of locations along the shores of Marmara and Black Seas are analysed for the April-June period, when the mucilage problem peaked. Both surface and satellite data are used to identify the spatial and temporal extent of the SST anomalies. Furthermore, the relationship between turbidity in the Marmara Sea and the SSTs is sought as a contributing factor to mucilage formation and enhancement. The findings indicate that most of the stations are characterized by warming trends and positive SST anomalies, with a few stations indicating periodic warming and cooling. Moreover, the NOAA NCEP Optimum Interpolation SST (OISST) data supported the warming event especially in central and eastern parts of the Marmara Sea. The wind observations at different locations along the shores of Marmara and Black Seas indicate decreasing trends in the mean wind speed. It is the view taken in this paper that both the increased SSTs and reduced wind speed generate a favourable environment both for the formation and enhancement of the mucilage episode over the Marmara Sea during the March-June 2021 period. Therefore, analysis of such meteorological parameters can provide a better understanding of mucilage aggregation in addition to other causative factors involved. The study also concluded that the modest turbidity conditions caused to increase in the SSTs to some extent in addition to the climate change-related warming.

References

  • Aktan,Y., Isinibilir, M., Topaloglu, B., Dede, A., & Cardak, M. (2008). Mucilage phenomenon in Turkey: possible causes and consequences in coastal ecosystems of Marmara Sea. The 13th International Conference On Harmful Algae (p. B16). Hong Kong: International Society for the Study of Harmful Algae.
  • Bardvaid, M. (2021). Retrieved from CGTN Web Site: https://news.cgtn.com/news/2021-06-20/Marine-mucilage-threatens-Turkey-s-Marmara-sea-11fOMroceRO/index.html
  • Bat, L., Öztekin, A., Şahin, F., Arıcı, E., and Özsandıkçı, U. (2018). An overview of the Black Sea pollution in Turkey. Mediterranean Fisheries and Aquaculture Research. 1(2): 66-86.
  • Beşiktepe, S., Sur, H., Özsoy, E., Latif, M., Oguz, T., Ünlüata, Ü. (1994). The circulation and hydrography of the Marmara Sea. Progress In Oceanography. (34) 285-334. 10.1016/0079-6611(94)90018-3.
  • BIA News Desk. (2021). Bianet. Retrieved from Bianet Web Site: https://m.bianet.org/english/environment/245743-pictures-show-gravity-of-sea-snot-problem-in-marmara.
  • Brackett, R. (2021). Weather. Retrieved from Weather Web Site: https://weather.com/science/environment/news/2021-06-08-sea-snot-marine-mucilage-turkey-istanbul-sea-of-marmara.
  • Chiggiato, J., Jarosz, E., Book, J. W., Dyke, J., Torrisi, L., Poulain, P.M. and Beşiktepe, Ş. (2012). Dynamics of the circulation in the Sea of Marmara: numerical modeling experiments and observations from the Turkish straits system experiment. Ocean Dynamics 62), 139–159. https://doi 10.1007/s10236-011-0485-5.
  • Danovaro, R., Umani, S. F., & Pusceddu, A. (2009). Climate Change and the Potential Spreading of Marine Mucilage and Microbial Pathogens in the Mediterranean Sea. PLoS ONE, 4(9), e7006. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0007006.
  • De Lazzari, A., Berto, D., Cassin, D., Boldrin, A., & Giani, M. (2008). Influence of winds and oceanographic conditions on the mucilage aggregation in the Northern Adriatic Sea in 2003–2006. Marine Ecology (29) 469–482. https://doi:10.1111/j.1439-0485.2008.00268.x.
  • Deserti, M., Cacciamani, C., Chiggiato, J., Rinaldib, A., & Ferrarib, C. R. (2005). Relationships between northern Adriatic Sea mucilage events and climate variability. Science of The Total Environment, 353(1-3), 82-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.09.009.
  • Engin, M., Yokes, M.B., Yümün, Z., Eryılmaz, M., Yücesoy, F.E. (2018). Alien Benthic Foraminifers from Turkish Strait System. International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics (5) 68-75. 10.30897/ijegeo.412343.
  • Fabio, R.N., Samuela, C., Antonella, P. (2014). Potential environmental factors influencing mucilage formation in the northern Adriatic Sea. Chemistry and Ecology, 30 (4) 364-375(12). https://doi.org/10.1080/02757540.2013.877004.
  • Flander-Putrle, V. & Malej, A. (2008). The evolution and phytoplankton composition of mucilaginous aggregates. Harmful Algae, (7) 752-761. https://doi:10.1016/j.hal.2008.02.009.
  • Huang, B., Liu, C., Banzon, V., Freeman, E., Graham, G., Hankins, B., Zhang, H.M. (2021). Improvements of the Daily Optimum Interpolation Sea Surface Temperature (DOISST) Version 2.1. American Climatic Society, 34(8), 2923–2939. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-20-0166.s1.
  • Ilicak, M., Federico, I., Barletta, I., Mutlu, S., Karan, H., Ciliberti, S.A., Clementi, E., Coppini, G., Pinardi, N. (2021). Modeling of the Turkish Strait System Using a High Resolution Unstructured Grid Ocean Circulation Model. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 9(769). https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9070769.
  • Nazirova, K., Alferyeva, Y., Lavrova, O., Shur, Y., Soloviev, D., Bocharova, T., Strochkov, A. (2021).Comparison of In Situ and Remote-Sensing Methods to Determine Turbidity and Concentration of Suspended Matter in the Estuary Zone of the Mzymta River, Black Sea. Remote Sensing. 13 (143). https://doi.org/10.3390/ rs13010143
  • NewScientist. (2021). NewScientist. Retrieved from NewScientist Web Site: https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg25133473-000-sea-snot-swirls-in-turkeys-sea-of-marmara-reach-record-size/.
  • Precali, R., Giani, M., Marini, M., Grilli, F., Ferrari, C. R., Pecar, O., & Paschini, E. (2005). Mucilaginous aggregates in the northern Adriatic in the period 1999-2002: Typology and distribution. Science of The Total Environment, 353(1-3), 10-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.09.066.
  • Russo, A., Maccaferri, S., Djakovac, T., Precali, R., Degobbisd, D., Deserti, M., and Paschinib, E. (2005). Climatic and oceanographic conditions in the northern Adriatic Sea during the period June 1999–July 2002: Influence on the mucilage phenomenon. Science of The Total Environment, 353(1-3), 24-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.09.058.
  • Savun, H.B and Gazioğlu, C. (2021).Mucilage Problem in the Semi-Enclosed Seas: Recent Outbreak in the Sea of Marmara, International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics, 8(4).402-413.
  • Shi W., Wang M.(2010). Characterization of global ocean turbidity from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer ocean color observations. Journal of Geophysical Research:Ocean. (115) Issue C11. 148-227. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JC006160.
  • Wilcox, C. (2021). The Scientist. Retrieved from The Scientist Web Site: https://www.the-scientist.com/news-opinion/why-turkey-s-sea-of-marmara-is-full-of-marine-snot-68876. Xie, C., Li, J., Pan, F., Fu, J., Zhou, W., Lu, S., Zhou, C. (2018). Environmental factors influencing mucilage accumulation of the endangered Brasenia schreberi in China. Scientific Reports, 8:17955. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-36448-3
There are 22 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Environmental Sciences
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Ali Ümran Kömüşcü 0000-0001-9930-2479

Mehmet Aksoy 0000-0002-0150-9031

Onur Hakan Dogan 0000-0001-8055-1539

Publication Date September 8, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 9 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Kömüşcü, A. Ü., Aksoy, M., & Dogan, O. H. (2022). An Analysis of Meteorological Conditions in Relation to Occurrence of the Mucilage Outbreaks in Sea of Marmara, March-June 2021. International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics, 9(3), 126-145. https://doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.1037842