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INVESTIGATION OF OVER OBSTACLE PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF AUXETIC AIRLESS TYRES

Year 2023, Volume: 7 Issue: 3, 415 - 427, 31.12.2023

Ahmet Üzün Mevlüt Yunus Kayacan

https://doi.org/10.46519/ij3dptdi.1336826

Abstract

Advancing technologies are leading to the development of airless tire designs that can perform well on challenging road conditions. These designs include lattice structures, mesh structures, and periodic structures, among others. In this study, three different tire designs were analyzed using finite element analysis (FEA) to evaluate their strength and dynamic behavior. Dynamic analyses were conducted on two commercial designs and one original design with re-entrant lattice structures. The study found that these structures are versatile as they provide multiple load paths to resist deformation and failure, and they can be modified to produce different properties like stiffness and strength. The original design with re-entrant structures demonstrated mechanical properties that were twice as good as other commercial tires. Moreover, a spline-lined structure was developed, and it was discovered that a two-stage tire design could enhance strength. The analyses were conducted at specific and controlled speeds with a designated bump size. The new design demonstrated at least 66% higher impact absorption energy performance than other car tyres examined. In total, nine analyses were performed, making a significant contribution to the development of airless tire design.

Keywords

Airless tyre non-pneumatic auxetic lattice new tyre design FEA

Supporting Institution

none

Project Number

none

Thanks

none

References

  • 1. Mohanakumar, S., and K. Tharian George. "Impact of economic reforms on tyre industry." Economic and political weekly, Pages 1044-1050, 2001.
  • 2. Klepper, Steven, and Kenneth L. Simons. "The making of an oligopoly: firm survival and technological change in the evolution of the US tire industry." Journal of Political economy Vol. 108, Issue 4, Pages 728-760, 2000.
  • 3. Sienkiewicz, Maciej, et al. "Progress in used tyres management in the European Union: A review." Waste management, Vol. 32, Issue 10, Pages 1742-1751, 2012.
  • 4. West, Wilhelm Joachim, and D. J. N. Limebeer. "Optimal tyre management for a high-performance race car." Vehicle system dynamics, Vol. 60, Issue, Pages 1-19, 2022.
  • 5. Bowles, A. J., Fowler, G. D., O'Sullivan, C., & Parker, K. “Sustainable rubber recycling from waste tyres by waterjet: A novel mechanistic and practical analysis”, Sustainable materials and technologies, Vol. 25, Issue 00173, 2020.
  • 6. Nakajima, Yukio. "Application of optimisation technique to tyre design." International journal of vehicle design Vol. 43, Issue 1-4, Pages 49-65, 2007.
  • 7. Jafferson, J. M., and Hemkar Sharma. "Design of 3D printable airless tyres using NTopology." Materials Today: Proceedings, Vol. 46, pages 1147-1160, 2021.
  • 8. Deng, Y., Wang, Z., Shen, H., Gong, J., & Xiao, Z., “A comprehensive review on non-pneumatic tyre research”, Materials & Design, Vol. 111742, 2023.
  • 9. Chicu, N., Prioteasa, A. L., & Deaconu, A., “Current trends and perspectives in tyre industry”, Studia Universitatis Vasile Goldiș Arad, Seria Științe Economice, Vol. 30, Issue 2, Pages 36-56, 2020.
  • 10. Hoever, Carsten. The influence of modelling parameters on the simulation of car tyre rolling losses and rolling noise. Chalmers Tekniska Hogskola (Sweden), 2012.
  • 11. Karger-Kocsis, J., L. Mészáros, and T. Bárány. "Ground tyre rubber (GTR) in thermoplastics, thermosets, and rubbers." Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 48, Pages 1-38, 2013.
  • 12. Sienkiewicz, Maciej, et al. "Environmentally friendly polymer-rubber composites obtained from waste tyres: A review." Journal of cleaner production, Vol. 147, Pages 560-571, 2017.
  • 13. Danon, Bart, and Johann Görgens. "Determining rubber composition of waste tyres using devolatilisation kinetics." Thermochimica acta, Vol. 621, Pages 56-60. 2015. 14. Hirata, Y., H. Kondo, and Y. Ozawa. "Natural rubber (NR) for the tyre industry." Chemistry, manufacture and applications of natural rubber. Woodhead Publishing, Pages 325-352, 2014.
  • 15. Khalid, H. A., and I. Artamendi. "Mechanical properties of used-tyre rubber." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Engineering Sustainability, Vol. 157, Issue 1, 2004.
  • 16. Khatri, S., Balaji, R., Sandeep, P. R., & Harshavardhan, K. H., “Analysis & comparative study of advance airless tyre with combination of newly designed rim”. In AIP Conference Proceedings, Vol. 2317, Issue 1, 2021.
  • 17. Ramakrishnan, T. “Design optimization of Airless Tyre-Numerical Approach”. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. 1057, Issue 1, Issue 012032, 2021.
  • 18. Rugsaj, R., & Suvanjumrat, C. “Mechanical characteristics of airless tyre by laboratory testing”. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. 773, Issue 1, Issue 012037, 2020.
  • 19. Ott, J., & Pearlman, J. “Scoping review of the rolling resistance testing methods and factors that impact manual wheelchairs”. Journal of Rehabilitation and Assistive Technologies Engineering, Vol. 8, Issue 2055668320980300, 2021.
  • 20. Patel, M. D., Pappalardo, C. M., Wang, G., & Shabana, A. A. “Integration of geometry and small and large deformation analysis for vehicle modelling: chassis, and airless and pneumatic tyre flexibility”. International Journal of Vehicle Performance, Vol. 5, Issue 1, Pages 90-127, 2019.
  • 21. Kannan, P., Shaik, A., Kumar, Y., & Bareddy, N. S. “Design analysis and 3D printing of non-pneumatic tyre”. SAE Technical Paper. Vol. 28, Issue 0059, 2019.
  • 22. Andriya, N., Dutta, V., & Vani, V. V. “Study on 3D printed auxetic structure-based non-pneumatic tyres (NPT’S)”. Materials and Manufacturing Processes, Vol. 37, Issue 11, Pages 1280-1297, 2022.
  • 23. Bras, B., & Cobert, A. “Life-cycle environmental impact of Michelin Tweel® tire for passenger vehicles”. SAE international journal of passenger cars-mechanical systems, Vol. 4, Issue 93, Pages 32-43, 2011.
  • 24. Jin, X., Hou, C., Fan, X., Sun, Y., Lv, J., & Lu, C. “Investigation on the static and dynamic behaviors of non-pneumatic tires with honeycomb spokes”. Composite Structures, Vol. 187, Pages 27-35, 2018.
  • 25. Periasamy, K., & Vijayan, S. “Design and development of air-less car tire”. International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology, Vol. 7, Issue 4, Issue 1312, 2014.
  • 26. Phumnok, E., Boonphang, J., & Bourkaew, O. “Effect of filler types on properties of the natural rubber closed cell foam”. Applied Mechanics and Materials, Vol. 886, Pages 213-218, 2019.
  • 27. Sardinha, M., Reis, L., Ramos, T., & Vaz, M. F. “Non-pneumatic tire designs suitable for fused filament fabrication: an overview. Procedia Structural Integrity, Vol. 42, Pages 1098-1105, 2022.
  • 28. Vicente, C. M., Sardinha, M., Reis, L., Ribeiro, A., & Leite, M. “Large-format additive manufacturing of polymer extrusion-based deposition systems: review and applications”. Progress in Additive Manufacturing, Pages 1-24, 2023.
  • 29. Herzberger, J., Sirrine, J. M., Williams, C. B., & Long, T. E. “Polymer design for 3D printing elastomers: recent advances in structure, properties, and printing”. Progress in Polymer Science, Vol. 97, Issue 101144, 2019.
  • 30. Wang, J., Yang, B., Lin, X., Gao, L., Liu, T., Lu, Y., & Wang, R. “Research of TPU materials for 3D printing aiming at non-pneumatic tires by FDM method”. Polymers, Vol. 12, Issue 11, Issue 2492, 2020. 31. Rugsaj, R., & Suvanjumrat, C. “Dynamic finite element analysis of rolling non-pneumatic tire”. International Journal of Automotive Technology, Vol. 22, Pages 1011-1022, 2021.
  • 32. Genovese, A., Garofano, D., Sakhnevych, A., Timpone, F., & Farroni, F. “Static and dynamic analysis of non-pneumatic tires based on experimental and numerical methods”. Applied Sciences, Vol. 11, Issue 23-11232, 2021.
  • 33. Li, H., Zhou, H., Yang, J., Ge, J., Wang, G., & Xu, T. “Study of the dynamic performance of rolling non-pneumatic tires using finite element method”. Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering, Vol. 44, Issue 7, Issue 289, 2022.
  • 34. A.N. Biswas, N. Mahesh, S.R. Peri, B.R. Krishnan, and P.R. Sreekanth, Hybrid auxetic materials implemented in crates & non-pneumatic tires for shock absorption, Materials Today: Proceedings, Vol. 56, Pages 1327-1334, 2022. 35. Biswas, A. N., Mahesh, N., qPeri, S. R., Krishnan, B. R., & Sreekanth, P. R. Hybrid auxetic materials implemented in crates & non-pneumatic wheels for shock absorption”. Materials Today: Proceedings, Vol. 56, Pages 1327-1334, 2022.
  • 36. Liu, B., & Xu, X. “Mechanical behavior and mechanism investigation on the optimized and novel bio-inspired nonpneumatic composite tire”s. Reviews on Advanced Materials Science, Vol. 61, Issue 1, Pages 250-264, 2022.
  • 37. Zang, L., Wang, X., Yan, P., & Zhao, Z. “Structural design and characteristics of a non-pneumatic tire with honeycomb structure”. Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures, Vol. 29, Issue 25, Pages 4066-4073, 2022.
  • 38. Arjunan, A., Singh, M., Baroutaji, A., & Wang, C. “Additively manufactured AlSi10Mg inherently stable thin and thick-walled lattice with negative Poisson’s ratio”. Composite Structures, Vol. 247, Issue 112469, 2020.
  • 39. Marx, J., Portanova, M., & Rabiei, A. “Ballistic performance of composite metal foam against large caliber threats”. Composite structures, Vol. 225, Issue 111032, 2020.
  • 40. Lin, Y. F., Ye, J. W., & Lo, C. M. “Application of impact-echo method for rockbolt length detection”. Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 316, Issue 125904, 2022.
  • 41. Satkar, A. R., Mache, A., & Kulkarni, A. “Numerical investigation on perforation resistance of glass-carbon/epoxy hybrid composite laminate under ballistic impact”. Materials Today: Proceedings, Vol. 59, Pages 734-741, 2022.
  • 42. Andriya, N., Dutta, V., & Vani, V. V. “Study on 3D printed auxetic structure-based non-pneumatic tyres (NPT’S)”. Materials and Manufacturing Processes, Vol. 37, Issue 11, Pages 1280-1297, 2022.
  • 43. Liang, X., Fu, H., Wang, Y., Ku, L., Qiao, H., & Li, N. “Study of composite load-bearing characteristics of the Uptis non-pneumatic tyre”. International Journal of Vehicle Systems Modelling and Testing, Vol. 16, Issue 1, Pages 79-93, 2022.

Year 2023, Volume: 7 Issue: 3, 415 - 427, 31.12.2023

Ahmet Üzün Mevlüt Yunus Kayacan

https://doi.org/10.46519/ij3dptdi.1336826

Abstract

Project Number

none

References

  • 1. Mohanakumar, S., and K. Tharian George. "Impact of economic reforms on tyre industry." Economic and political weekly, Pages 1044-1050, 2001.
  • 2. Klepper, Steven, and Kenneth L. Simons. "The making of an oligopoly: firm survival and technological change in the evolution of the US tire industry." Journal of Political economy Vol. 108, Issue 4, Pages 728-760, 2000.
  • 3. Sienkiewicz, Maciej, et al. "Progress in used tyres management in the European Union: A review." Waste management, Vol. 32, Issue 10, Pages 1742-1751, 2012.
  • 4. West, Wilhelm Joachim, and D. J. N. Limebeer. "Optimal tyre management for a high-performance race car." Vehicle system dynamics, Vol. 60, Issue, Pages 1-19, 2022.
  • 5. Bowles, A. J., Fowler, G. D., O'Sullivan, C., & Parker, K. “Sustainable rubber recycling from waste tyres by waterjet: A novel mechanistic and practical analysis”, Sustainable materials and technologies, Vol. 25, Issue 00173, 2020.
  • 6. Nakajima, Yukio. "Application of optimisation technique to tyre design." International journal of vehicle design Vol. 43, Issue 1-4, Pages 49-65, 2007.
  • 7. Jafferson, J. M., and Hemkar Sharma. "Design of 3D printable airless tyres using NTopology." Materials Today: Proceedings, Vol. 46, pages 1147-1160, 2021.
  • 8. Deng, Y., Wang, Z., Shen, H., Gong, J., & Xiao, Z., “A comprehensive review on non-pneumatic tyre research”, Materials & Design, Vol. 111742, 2023.
  • 9. Chicu, N., Prioteasa, A. L., & Deaconu, A., “Current trends and perspectives in tyre industry”, Studia Universitatis Vasile Goldiș Arad, Seria Științe Economice, Vol. 30, Issue 2, Pages 36-56, 2020.
  • 10. Hoever, Carsten. The influence of modelling parameters on the simulation of car tyre rolling losses and rolling noise. Chalmers Tekniska Hogskola (Sweden), 2012.
  • 11. Karger-Kocsis, J., L. Mészáros, and T. Bárány. "Ground tyre rubber (GTR) in thermoplastics, thermosets, and rubbers." Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 48, Pages 1-38, 2013.
  • 12. Sienkiewicz, Maciej, et al. "Environmentally friendly polymer-rubber composites obtained from waste tyres: A review." Journal of cleaner production, Vol. 147, Pages 560-571, 2017.
  • 13. Danon, Bart, and Johann Görgens. "Determining rubber composition of waste tyres using devolatilisation kinetics." Thermochimica acta, Vol. 621, Pages 56-60. 2015. 14. Hirata, Y., H. Kondo, and Y. Ozawa. "Natural rubber (NR) for the tyre industry." Chemistry, manufacture and applications of natural rubber. Woodhead Publishing, Pages 325-352, 2014.
  • 15. Khalid, H. A., and I. Artamendi. "Mechanical properties of used-tyre rubber." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Engineering Sustainability, Vol. 157, Issue 1, 2004.
  • 16. Khatri, S., Balaji, R., Sandeep, P. R., & Harshavardhan, K. H., “Analysis & comparative study of advance airless tyre with combination of newly designed rim”. In AIP Conference Proceedings, Vol. 2317, Issue 1, 2021.
  • 17. Ramakrishnan, T. “Design optimization of Airless Tyre-Numerical Approach”. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. 1057, Issue 1, Issue 012032, 2021.
  • 18. Rugsaj, R., & Suvanjumrat, C. “Mechanical characteristics of airless tyre by laboratory testing”. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. 773, Issue 1, Issue 012037, 2020.
  • 19. Ott, J., & Pearlman, J. “Scoping review of the rolling resistance testing methods and factors that impact manual wheelchairs”. Journal of Rehabilitation and Assistive Technologies Engineering, Vol. 8, Issue 2055668320980300, 2021.
  • 20. Patel, M. D., Pappalardo, C. M., Wang, G., & Shabana, A. A. “Integration of geometry and small and large deformation analysis for vehicle modelling: chassis, and airless and pneumatic tyre flexibility”. International Journal of Vehicle Performance, Vol. 5, Issue 1, Pages 90-127, 2019.
  • 21. Kannan, P., Shaik, A., Kumar, Y., & Bareddy, N. S. “Design analysis and 3D printing of non-pneumatic tyre”. SAE Technical Paper. Vol. 28, Issue 0059, 2019.
  • 22. Andriya, N., Dutta, V., & Vani, V. V. “Study on 3D printed auxetic structure-based non-pneumatic tyres (NPT’S)”. Materials and Manufacturing Processes, Vol. 37, Issue 11, Pages 1280-1297, 2022.
  • 23. Bras, B., & Cobert, A. “Life-cycle environmental impact of Michelin Tweel® tire for passenger vehicles”. SAE international journal of passenger cars-mechanical systems, Vol. 4, Issue 93, Pages 32-43, 2011.
  • 24. Jin, X., Hou, C., Fan, X., Sun, Y., Lv, J., & Lu, C. “Investigation on the static and dynamic behaviors of non-pneumatic tires with honeycomb spokes”. Composite Structures, Vol. 187, Pages 27-35, 2018.
  • 25. Periasamy, K., & Vijayan, S. “Design and development of air-less car tire”. International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology, Vol. 7, Issue 4, Issue 1312, 2014.
  • 26. Phumnok, E., Boonphang, J., & Bourkaew, O. “Effect of filler types on properties of the natural rubber closed cell foam”. Applied Mechanics and Materials, Vol. 886, Pages 213-218, 2019.
  • 27. Sardinha, M., Reis, L., Ramos, T., & Vaz, M. F. “Non-pneumatic tire designs suitable for fused filament fabrication: an overview. Procedia Structural Integrity, Vol. 42, Pages 1098-1105, 2022.
  • 28. Vicente, C. M., Sardinha, M., Reis, L., Ribeiro, A., & Leite, M. “Large-format additive manufacturing of polymer extrusion-based deposition systems: review and applications”. Progress in Additive Manufacturing, Pages 1-24, 2023.
  • 29. Herzberger, J., Sirrine, J. M., Williams, C. B., & Long, T. E. “Polymer design for 3D printing elastomers: recent advances in structure, properties, and printing”. Progress in Polymer Science, Vol. 97, Issue 101144, 2019.
  • 30. Wang, J., Yang, B., Lin, X., Gao, L., Liu, T., Lu, Y., & Wang, R. “Research of TPU materials for 3D printing aiming at non-pneumatic tires by FDM method”. Polymers, Vol. 12, Issue 11, Issue 2492, 2020. 31. Rugsaj, R., & Suvanjumrat, C. “Dynamic finite element analysis of rolling non-pneumatic tire”. International Journal of Automotive Technology, Vol. 22, Pages 1011-1022, 2021.
  • 32. Genovese, A., Garofano, D., Sakhnevych, A., Timpone, F., & Farroni, F. “Static and dynamic analysis of non-pneumatic tires based on experimental and numerical methods”. Applied Sciences, Vol. 11, Issue 23-11232, 2021.
  • 33. Li, H., Zhou, H., Yang, J., Ge, J., Wang, G., & Xu, T. “Study of the dynamic performance of rolling non-pneumatic tires using finite element method”. Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering, Vol. 44, Issue 7, Issue 289, 2022.
  • 34. A.N. Biswas, N. Mahesh, S.R. Peri, B.R. Krishnan, and P.R. Sreekanth, Hybrid auxetic materials implemented in crates & non-pneumatic tires for shock absorption, Materials Today: Proceedings, Vol. 56, Pages 1327-1334, 2022. 35. Biswas, A. N., Mahesh, N., qPeri, S. R., Krishnan, B. R., & Sreekanth, P. R. Hybrid auxetic materials implemented in crates & non-pneumatic wheels for shock absorption”. Materials Today: Proceedings, Vol. 56, Pages 1327-1334, 2022.
  • 36. Liu, B., & Xu, X. “Mechanical behavior and mechanism investigation on the optimized and novel bio-inspired nonpneumatic composite tire”s. Reviews on Advanced Materials Science, Vol. 61, Issue 1, Pages 250-264, 2022.
  • 37. Zang, L., Wang, X., Yan, P., & Zhao, Z. “Structural design and characteristics of a non-pneumatic tire with honeycomb structure”. Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures, Vol. 29, Issue 25, Pages 4066-4073, 2022.
  • 38. Arjunan, A., Singh, M., Baroutaji, A., & Wang, C. “Additively manufactured AlSi10Mg inherently stable thin and thick-walled lattice with negative Poisson’s ratio”. Composite Structures, Vol. 247, Issue 112469, 2020.
  • 39. Marx, J., Portanova, M., & Rabiei, A. “Ballistic performance of composite metal foam against large caliber threats”. Composite structures, Vol. 225, Issue 111032, 2020.
  • 40. Lin, Y. F., Ye, J. W., & Lo, C. M. “Application of impact-echo method for rockbolt length detection”. Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 316, Issue 125904, 2022.
  • 41. Satkar, A. R., Mache, A., & Kulkarni, A. “Numerical investigation on perforation resistance of glass-carbon/epoxy hybrid composite laminate under ballistic impact”. Materials Today: Proceedings, Vol. 59, Pages 734-741, 2022.
  • 42. Andriya, N., Dutta, V., & Vani, V. V. “Study on 3D printed auxetic structure-based non-pneumatic tyres (NPT’S)”. Materials and Manufacturing Processes, Vol. 37, Issue 11, Pages 1280-1297, 2022.
  • 43. Liang, X., Fu, H., Wang, Y., Ku, L., Qiao, H., & Li, N. “Study of composite load-bearing characteristics of the Uptis non-pneumatic tyre”. International Journal of Vehicle Systems Modelling and Testing, Vol. 16, Issue 1, Pages 79-93, 2022.
There are 40 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Mechanical Engineering (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Ahmet Üzün 0000-0002-4478-8253

Mevlüt Yunus Kayacan 0000-0003-3557-9537

Project Number none
Early Pub Date December 25, 2023
Publication Date December 31, 2023
Submission Date August 2, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 7 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Üzün, A., & Kayacan, M. Y. (2023). INVESTIGATION OF OVER OBSTACLE PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF AUXETIC AIRLESS TYRES. International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry, 7(3), 415-427. https://doi.org/10.46519/ij3dptdi.1336826
AMA Üzün A, Kayacan MY. INVESTIGATION OF OVER OBSTACLE PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF AUXETIC AIRLESS TYRES. IJ3DPTDI. December 2023;7(3):415-427. doi:10.46519/ij3dptdi.1336826
Chicago Üzün, Ahmet, and Mevlüt Yunus Kayacan. “INVESTIGATION OF OVER OBSTACLE PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF AUXETIC AIRLESS TYRES”. International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry 7, no. 3 (December 2023): 415-27. https://doi.org/10.46519/ij3dptdi.1336826.
EndNote Üzün A, Kayacan MY (December 1, 2023) INVESTIGATION OF OVER OBSTACLE PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF AUXETIC AIRLESS TYRES. International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry 7 3 415–427.
IEEE A. Üzün and M. Y. Kayacan, “INVESTIGATION OF OVER OBSTACLE PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF AUXETIC AIRLESS TYRES”, IJ3DPTDI, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 415–427, 2023, doi: 10.46519/ij3dptdi.1336826.
ISNAD Üzün, Ahmet - Kayacan, Mevlüt Yunus. “INVESTIGATION OF OVER OBSTACLE PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF AUXETIC AIRLESS TYRES”. International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry 7/3 (December 2023), 415-427. https://doi.org/10.46519/ij3dptdi.1336826.
JAMA Üzün A, Kayacan MY. INVESTIGATION OF OVER OBSTACLE PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF AUXETIC AIRLESS TYRES. IJ3DPTDI. 2023;7:415–427.
MLA Üzün, Ahmet and Mevlüt Yunus Kayacan. “INVESTIGATION OF OVER OBSTACLE PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF AUXETIC AIRLESS TYRES”. International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry, vol. 7, no. 3, 2023, pp. 415-27, doi:10.46519/ij3dptdi.1336826.
Vancouver Üzün A, Kayacan MY. INVESTIGATION OF OVER OBSTACLE PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF AUXETIC AIRLESS TYRES. IJ3DPTDI. 2023;7(3):415-27.
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