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Pandeminin Dördüncü Dalgasında Postpartum Depresyon ve İlişkili Faktörler

Year 2024, Volume: 34 Issue: 1, 22 - 26, 29.02.2024

Furkan Bahadır Alptekin Eylül Sucularlı Semra Yüksel Oya Güçlü

https://doi.org/10.54005/geneltip.1312885

Abstract

Giris: Birçok çalışma, COVID-19 pandemisinin postpartum depresyon (PPD) üzerindeki etkilerini bir stres etkeni olarak göstermiştir. Bir yandan da pandemi sürecinde kısıtlamaların kaldırılması ve aşıma gibi birçok değişiklik oldu. Ancak, değişen koşulların psikolojik etkileri üzerine çok az çalışma yapılmıştır. Bu çalışmada, pandeminin dördüncü dalgasında doğum yapmış veya son gebelik döneminde olan annelerde PPD sıklığını ve ilişkili sosyodemografik-obstetrik faktörleri incelemeyi amaçladık.
Gereç ve Yöntemler: Bu kesitsel çalışmaya, Aralık 2021 ile Ağustos 2022 arasında doğum sonrası kontrol muayenesi için başvuran 211 kadın dahil edildi. Tüm kadınlar, pandeminin dördüncü dalgasında doğum yapmış veya hamileliklerinin son bölümünü geçirmişti. PPD, Edinburgh Postpartum Depresyon Ölçeği (EPDÖ) kullanılarak ölçüldü. Ayrıca yazarlar sosyodemografik ve obstetrik özellikleri bir form ile değerlendirdiler.
Bulgular: PPD prevalansı %22,7 idi (EPDÖ kesme puanı ≥ 13). Sosyal desteği yetersiz, doğum korkusu olan veya geçmişte psikiyatrik hastalığı olanlarda EPDS puanları daha yüksekti.
Tartışma: Pandeminin geç döneminde, pandeminin PPD üzerindeki olumsuz etkisinin devam etmediği söylenebilir. Ancak PPD, Türkiye'de önemli bir halk sağlığı sorunu olmaya devam etmektedir. Ayrıca PPD ile ilişkili bazı sosyodemografik özellikler risk oluşturmaya devam etmektedir.

Keywords

COVID19 depresyon obstetrik doğum pandemik doğum sonrası

References

  • WHO COVID-19 Dashboard [Internet]. World Health Organization; 2020 [cited 2023 Nov 11]. Available from: https://covid19.who.int/.
  • Uygur OF, Uygur H, Demiroz D, Ahmed O. COVID-19 Worry and Related Factors: Turkish Adaptation and Psychometric Properties of the COVID-19 Worry Scale. Alpha Psychiatry. 2022;23:276–283. doi: 10.5152/alphapsychiatry.2022.22926.
  • Aytaç HM, Pehlivan S. Viral Pandemics as Possible Psycho-immunological Causes of Psychiatric Symptoms: From Past to Present. Sağlık Bilim İleri Araştırmalar Derg. 2020;92–98. doi: 10.26650/JARHS2020-S1-0012.
  • Ünlügedi̇K Sayin E, Kahraman Kaya M, Gundogdu E, Kale A. Characteristics, Clinical Findings and Outcomes of 333 Pregnant Women with COVID-19 During Four Waves of Infection at a Tertiary Hospital in Turkey. J Contemp Med. 2023;13:625–631. doi: 10.16899/jcm.1280728.
  • Tauqeer F, Ceulemans M, Gerbier E, Passier A, Oliver A, Foulon V, Panchaud A, Lupattelli A, Nordeng H. Mental health of pregnant and postpartum women during the third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic: a European cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2023;13:e063391. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-063391. Cited: in: : PMID: 36631239.
  • Clare CA, Yeh J. Postpartum depression in special populations: a review. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2012;67:313–323. doi: 10.1097/OGX.0b013e318259cb52.
  • Uygur O, Annagur B, Annagur A. The Prevalence and Related Factors of Postpartum Depression among Mothers with Preterm Birth: A Cross-Sectional Study. Yeni Symp. 2020;1. doi: 10.5455/NYS.20200608080732.
  • Zhang X, Wang C, Zuo X, Aertgeerts B, Buntinx F, Li T, Vermandere M. Study characteristical and regional influences on postpartum depression before vs. during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Public Health. 2023;11:1102618. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1102618.
  • Chen Q, Li W, Xiong J, Zheng X. Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Postpartum Depression during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Literature Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19:2219. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19042219.
  • Safi-Keykaleh M, Aliakbari F, Safarpour H, Safari M, Tahernejad A, Sheikhbardsiri H, Sahebi A. Prevalence of postpartum depression in women amid the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Gynaecol Obstet Off Organ Int Fed Gynaecol Obstet. 2022;157:240–247. doi: 10.1002/ijgo.14129.
  • Karaçam Z, Çoban A, Akbaş B, Karabulut E. Status of postpartum depression in Turkey: A meta-analysis. Health Care Women Int. 2018;39:821–841. doi: 10.1080/07399332.2018.1466144.
  • Kokanalı D, Ayhan S, Devran A, Kokanalı MK, Taşçı Y. Sezaryen doğumun postpartum depresyona ve maternal bağlanmaya etkisi. J Contemp Med [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2023 Feb 14]; doi: 10.16899/gopctd.366181.
  • Özcan NK, Boyacıoğlu NE, Dinç H. Postpartum Depression Prevalence and Risk Factors in Turkey: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 2017;31:420–428. doi: 10.1016/j.apnu.2017.04.006.
  • Coca KP, Chien L-Y, Lee EY, Souza ACDP, Hong SA, Chang Y-S. Factors associated with postpartum depression symptoms among postpartum women in five countries during the COVID-19 pandemic: an online cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry. 2023;23:171. doi: 10.1186/s12888-023-04607-0.
  • Sarli D, Ifayanti T. Baby blues screening on post-partum mother by comparing EPDS and PHQ-9 methods for health-care service and public applications in lubuk buaya community health care padang city, indonesia. Malays J Med Res. 2018;2:75–79. doi: 10.31674/mjmr.2018.v02i02.011.
  • Cox JL, Holden JM, Sagovsky R. Detection of postnatal depression. Development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Br J Psychiatry J Ment Sci. 1987;150:782–786. doi: 10.1192/bjp.150.6.782.
  • Yaksi N, Save D. How do social and spousal support influence postpartum depression? Marmara Med J. 2021;34:327–338. doi: 10.5472/marumj.1012403.
  • Engindeniz AN, Küey L, Kültür S. Validity and Reliability Study of Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale Turkish Form. Bahar Sempozyumları. 1st ed. Ankara: Psychiatry Association Publications; 1996. p. 51–52.
  • Shorey S, Chee CYI, Ng ED, Chan YH, Tam WWS, Chong YS. Prevalence and incidence of postpartum depression among healthy mothers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychiatr Res. 2018;104:235–248. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.08.001.
  • Lin C, Chen B, Yang Y, Li Q, Wang Q, Wang M, Guo S, Tao S. Association between depressive symptoms in the postpartum period and COVID-19: A meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2023;320:247–253. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.09.129.
  • Mateus V, Cruz S, Costa R, Mesquita A, Christoforou A, Wilson CA, Vousoura E, Dikmen-Yildiz P, Bina R, Dominguez-Salas S, et al. Rates of depressive and anxiety symptoms in the perinatal period during the COVID-19 pandemic: Comparisons between countries and with pre-pandemic data. J Affect Disord. 2022;316:245–253. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.08.017.
  • Low SR, Bono SA, Azmi Z. Prevalence and Factors of Postpartum Depression During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Review. Curr Psychol N B NJ. 2023;1–18. doi: 10.1007/s12144-022-04181-w.
  • Türkgeldi̇ E, Yildiz Ş. Has the COVID-19 pandemic increased postpartum depression risk? Jinekoloji-Obstet Ve Neonatoloji Tıp Derg [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2023 Feb 14]; doi: 10.38136/jgon.971782.
  • Corrigan CP, Kwasky AN, Groh CJ. Social Support, Postpartum Depression, and Professional Assistance: A Survey of Mothers in the Midwestern United States. J Perinat Educ. 2015;24:48–60. doi: 10.1891/1058-1243.24.1.48.
  • Taştan K, Demiröz HP. The effects of perceived social support on postpartum depression. J Surg Med [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2023 Feb 14]; doi: 10.28982/josam.433898.
  • Zhao X-H, Zhang Z-H. Risk factors for postpartum depression: An evidence-based systematic review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Asian J Psychiatry. 2020;53:102353. doi: 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102353.
  • Bottemanne H, Vahdat B, Jouault C, Tibi R, Joly L. Becoming a Mother During COVID-19 Pandemic: How to Protect Maternal Mental Health Against Stress Factors. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:764207. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.764207.
  • Martins LMDG, Ferreira MC, Valentini F. Propriedades psicométricas da escala multidimensional de suporte social percebido. Temas Em Psicol. 2017;25:1873–1883. doi: 10.9788/TP2017.4-18Pt.
  • Räisänen S, Lehto SM, Nielsen HS, Gissler M, Kramer MR, Heinonen S. Fear of childbirth predicts postpartum depression: a population-based analysis of 511 422 singleton births in Finland. BMJ Open. 2013;3:e004047. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-004047.
  • Imakawa CSO, Nadai MN, Reis M, Quintana SM, Moises ECD. Is it Necessary to Evaluate Fear of Childbirth in Pregnant Women? A Scoping Review. Rev Bras Ginecol E Obstet Rev Fed Bras Soc Ginecol E Obstet. 2022;44:692–700. doi: 10.1055/s-0042-1751062.
  • Spice K, Jones SL, Hadjistavropoulos HD, Kowalyk K, Stewart SH. Prenatal fear of childbirth and anxiety sensitivity. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 2009;30:168–174. doi: 10.1080/01674820902950538.
  • Johansen SL, Stenhaug BA, Robakis TK, Williams KE, Cullen MR. Past Psychiatric Conditions as Risk Factors for Postpartum Depression: A Nationwide Cohort Study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2020;81:19m12929. doi: 10.4088/JCP.19m12929.

Postpartum Depression During the Fourth Wave of the Pandemic and Related Factors

Year 2024, Volume: 34 Issue: 1, 22 - 26, 29.02.2024

Furkan Bahadır Alptekin Eylül Sucularlı Semra Yüksel Oya Güçlü

https://doi.org/10.54005/geneltip.1312885

Abstract

Aims: Many studies have shown the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on postpartum depression (PPD) as a stressor. In addition, there have been many changes in the pandemic process, such as vaccination and removal of restrictions. However, few studies have been conducted on the psychological effects of changing conditions. In this study, we aimed to examine the frequency of PPD and the associated sociodemographic–obstetric factors in mothers who gave birth or were in the last pregnancy period in the fourth wave of the pandemic.
Methods: This cross-sectional study included 211 women who underwent a postpartum checkup between December 2021 and August 2022. All women had given birth or passed the last part of their pregnancy in the fourth wave of the pandemic. PPD was measured using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). In addition, the authors assessed sociodemographic and obstetric characteristics with a form.
Results: The prevalence of PPD was 22.7% (EPDS cut-off score ≥ 13). EPDS scores were higher in those with inadequate social support, fear of childbirth, or having a past psychiatric illness.
Conclusions: In the late pandemic, the negative effect on PPD does not seem to continue. However, PPD remains a significant public health problem in Turkey. In addition, some sociodemographic characteristics associated with PPD continue to pose risks.

Keywords

COVID-19 depression obstetrics pandemics

References

  • WHO COVID-19 Dashboard [Internet]. World Health Organization; 2020 [cited 2023 Nov 11]. Available from: https://covid19.who.int/.
  • Uygur OF, Uygur H, Demiroz D, Ahmed O. COVID-19 Worry and Related Factors: Turkish Adaptation and Psychometric Properties of the COVID-19 Worry Scale. Alpha Psychiatry. 2022;23:276–283. doi: 10.5152/alphapsychiatry.2022.22926.
  • Aytaç HM, Pehlivan S. Viral Pandemics as Possible Psycho-immunological Causes of Psychiatric Symptoms: From Past to Present. Sağlık Bilim İleri Araştırmalar Derg. 2020;92–98. doi: 10.26650/JARHS2020-S1-0012.
  • Ünlügedi̇K Sayin E, Kahraman Kaya M, Gundogdu E, Kale A. Characteristics, Clinical Findings and Outcomes of 333 Pregnant Women with COVID-19 During Four Waves of Infection at a Tertiary Hospital in Turkey. J Contemp Med. 2023;13:625–631. doi: 10.16899/jcm.1280728.
  • Tauqeer F, Ceulemans M, Gerbier E, Passier A, Oliver A, Foulon V, Panchaud A, Lupattelli A, Nordeng H. Mental health of pregnant and postpartum women during the third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic: a European cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2023;13:e063391. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-063391. Cited: in: : PMID: 36631239.
  • Clare CA, Yeh J. Postpartum depression in special populations: a review. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2012;67:313–323. doi: 10.1097/OGX.0b013e318259cb52.
  • Uygur O, Annagur B, Annagur A. The Prevalence and Related Factors of Postpartum Depression among Mothers with Preterm Birth: A Cross-Sectional Study. Yeni Symp. 2020;1. doi: 10.5455/NYS.20200608080732.
  • Zhang X, Wang C, Zuo X, Aertgeerts B, Buntinx F, Li T, Vermandere M. Study characteristical and regional influences on postpartum depression before vs. during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Public Health. 2023;11:1102618. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1102618.
  • Chen Q, Li W, Xiong J, Zheng X. Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Postpartum Depression during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Literature Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19:2219. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19042219.
  • Safi-Keykaleh M, Aliakbari F, Safarpour H, Safari M, Tahernejad A, Sheikhbardsiri H, Sahebi A. Prevalence of postpartum depression in women amid the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Gynaecol Obstet Off Organ Int Fed Gynaecol Obstet. 2022;157:240–247. doi: 10.1002/ijgo.14129.
  • Karaçam Z, Çoban A, Akbaş B, Karabulut E. Status of postpartum depression in Turkey: A meta-analysis. Health Care Women Int. 2018;39:821–841. doi: 10.1080/07399332.2018.1466144.
  • Kokanalı D, Ayhan S, Devran A, Kokanalı MK, Taşçı Y. Sezaryen doğumun postpartum depresyona ve maternal bağlanmaya etkisi. J Contemp Med [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2023 Feb 14]; doi: 10.16899/gopctd.366181.
  • Özcan NK, Boyacıoğlu NE, Dinç H. Postpartum Depression Prevalence and Risk Factors in Turkey: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 2017;31:420–428. doi: 10.1016/j.apnu.2017.04.006.
  • Coca KP, Chien L-Y, Lee EY, Souza ACDP, Hong SA, Chang Y-S. Factors associated with postpartum depression symptoms among postpartum women in five countries during the COVID-19 pandemic: an online cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry. 2023;23:171. doi: 10.1186/s12888-023-04607-0.
  • Sarli D, Ifayanti T. Baby blues screening on post-partum mother by comparing EPDS and PHQ-9 methods for health-care service and public applications in lubuk buaya community health care padang city, indonesia. Malays J Med Res. 2018;2:75–79. doi: 10.31674/mjmr.2018.v02i02.011.
  • Cox JL, Holden JM, Sagovsky R. Detection of postnatal depression. Development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Br J Psychiatry J Ment Sci. 1987;150:782–786. doi: 10.1192/bjp.150.6.782.
  • Yaksi N, Save D. How do social and spousal support influence postpartum depression? Marmara Med J. 2021;34:327–338. doi: 10.5472/marumj.1012403.
  • Engindeniz AN, Küey L, Kültür S. Validity and Reliability Study of Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale Turkish Form. Bahar Sempozyumları. 1st ed. Ankara: Psychiatry Association Publications; 1996. p. 51–52.
  • Shorey S, Chee CYI, Ng ED, Chan YH, Tam WWS, Chong YS. Prevalence and incidence of postpartum depression among healthy mothers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychiatr Res. 2018;104:235–248. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.08.001.
  • Lin C, Chen B, Yang Y, Li Q, Wang Q, Wang M, Guo S, Tao S. Association between depressive symptoms in the postpartum period and COVID-19: A meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2023;320:247–253. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.09.129.
  • Mateus V, Cruz S, Costa R, Mesquita A, Christoforou A, Wilson CA, Vousoura E, Dikmen-Yildiz P, Bina R, Dominguez-Salas S, et al. Rates of depressive and anxiety symptoms in the perinatal period during the COVID-19 pandemic: Comparisons between countries and with pre-pandemic data. J Affect Disord. 2022;316:245–253. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.08.017.
  • Low SR, Bono SA, Azmi Z. Prevalence and Factors of Postpartum Depression During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Review. Curr Psychol N B NJ. 2023;1–18. doi: 10.1007/s12144-022-04181-w.
  • Türkgeldi̇ E, Yildiz Ş. Has the COVID-19 pandemic increased postpartum depression risk? Jinekoloji-Obstet Ve Neonatoloji Tıp Derg [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2023 Feb 14]; doi: 10.38136/jgon.971782.
  • Corrigan CP, Kwasky AN, Groh CJ. Social Support, Postpartum Depression, and Professional Assistance: A Survey of Mothers in the Midwestern United States. J Perinat Educ. 2015;24:48–60. doi: 10.1891/1058-1243.24.1.48.
  • Taştan K, Demiröz HP. The effects of perceived social support on postpartum depression. J Surg Med [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2023 Feb 14]; doi: 10.28982/josam.433898.
  • Zhao X-H, Zhang Z-H. Risk factors for postpartum depression: An evidence-based systematic review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Asian J Psychiatry. 2020;53:102353. doi: 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102353.
  • Bottemanne H, Vahdat B, Jouault C, Tibi R, Joly L. Becoming a Mother During COVID-19 Pandemic: How to Protect Maternal Mental Health Against Stress Factors. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:764207. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.764207.
  • Martins LMDG, Ferreira MC, Valentini F. Propriedades psicométricas da escala multidimensional de suporte social percebido. Temas Em Psicol. 2017;25:1873–1883. doi: 10.9788/TP2017.4-18Pt.
  • Räisänen S, Lehto SM, Nielsen HS, Gissler M, Kramer MR, Heinonen S. Fear of childbirth predicts postpartum depression: a population-based analysis of 511 422 singleton births in Finland. BMJ Open. 2013;3:e004047. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-004047.
  • Imakawa CSO, Nadai MN, Reis M, Quintana SM, Moises ECD. Is it Necessary to Evaluate Fear of Childbirth in Pregnant Women? A Scoping Review. Rev Bras Ginecol E Obstet Rev Fed Bras Soc Ginecol E Obstet. 2022;44:692–700. doi: 10.1055/s-0042-1751062.
  • Spice K, Jones SL, Hadjistavropoulos HD, Kowalyk K, Stewart SH. Prenatal fear of childbirth and anxiety sensitivity. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 2009;30:168–174. doi: 10.1080/01674820902950538.
  • Johansen SL, Stenhaug BA, Robakis TK, Williams KE, Cullen MR. Past Psychiatric Conditions as Risk Factors for Postpartum Depression: A Nationwide Cohort Study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2020;81:19m12929. doi: 10.4088/JCP.19m12929.
There are 32 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Psychiatry
Journal Section Original Article
Authors

Furkan Bahadır Alptekin 0000-0002-3844-1800

Eylül Sucularlı 0000-0002-8066-9366

Semra Yüksel 0000-0003-3773-4107

Oya Güçlü 0000-0001-6885-3155

Early Pub Date February 26, 2024
Publication Date February 29, 2024
Submission Date July 5, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 34 Issue: 1

Cite

Vancouver Alptekin FB, Sucularlı E, Yüksel S, Güçlü O. Postpartum Depression During the Fourth Wave of the Pandemic and Related Factors. Genel Tıp Derg. 2024;34(1):22-6.

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