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TARIMSAL UYGULAMALARDA ENERJİ KULLANIMI ÜZERİNE BİR DEĞERLENDİRME

Year 2016, Volume: 6 Issue: 3, 18 - 29, 20.12.2016

İlker Hüseyin Çelen

Abstract



Tarımsal üretimle ilgili olarak yapılacak enerji analizleri tarımsal
sistemlerin enerji tüketimi açısından tanımlanıp gruplandırılması önemlidir.
Üretiminde verimi artırmak ve girdileri azaltmak için üretimde kullanılan girdi
ve çıktıların dikkatli bir şekilde analiz edilmesi gereklidir. Karbona
alternatif teknolojilerin tanımlanması ve geliştirilebilmesi, ayrıca üretim
sistemlerinin gerçek karbon maliyetlerini değerlendirebilmek için enerji
eşdeğeri birimine dönüşüme ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Bu çalışmada tarımsal uygulamaların
doğrudan ya da doğrudan olmayan enerji kullanımı ile ilgili verileri
literatürden toplamaya ve analiz etmeye, karbon eşdeğeri (kg CE) olarak
dönüşümünü gerçekleştirerek bazı sistemlerin karbon çıktı/girdi oranında uzun
dönemde meydana gelebilecek değişiklikler ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır. Hesaplamalar
sonucunda, üretim girdileri içerisinde en yüksek payı sulama enerjisinin
aldığı, bunu sırasıyla gübre, yakıt-yağ, makine, ilaç, tohum ve insan iş gücü
enerjilerinin izlediği görülmektedir.




Keywords

Tarım Enerji Karbon Mekanizasyon Girdi Çıktı

References

  • Arıkan, M., (2011). Adana İlinde Kolza Üretiminde Enerji Kullanımı. Çukurova Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Tarım Makinaları Anabilim Dalı. Yüksek Lisans Tezi.
  • Baran MF, Gökdoğan O., (2014). Karpuz ve Kavun Yetiştiriciliğinde Enerji Girdi-Çıktı Analizi:Kırklareli İli Örneği. Anadolu Tarım Bilim. Derg., 29(3):217-224
  • Baran MF, Gökdoğan O.,Karaağaç, G, (2014). Kanola Üretiminde Enerji Kullanım Etkinliğinin Belirlenmesi (Kırklareli İli Örneği). Türk Tarım ve Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi 1(3): 331-337, 2014
  • Baran MF, Karaağaç, G, (2014). Kırklareli Koşullarında İkinci Ürün Ayçiçeği Üretiminde Enerji Kullanım Etkinliğinin Belirlenmesi. Türk Tarım ve Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi 1(2): 117–123
  • Batty JC, Keller J., (1980)Energy requirements for irrigation. In: Pimentel D,editor. Handbook of energy utilization in agriculture. Florida: CRC. p. 35– 44.
  • Bezdicek DF, Papendick RI, Lal R., (1996) Importance of soil quality to health andsustainable land management. In:
  • Borin M, Menini C, Sartori L. (1997). Effects of tillage systems on energyand carbon balance in northeastern Italy. Soil Tillage Res;40:209– 26.
  • Bowers CG. (1989).Tillage draft and energy measurements for twelve southeasternsoil series. T ASAE;32:1492– 502. Carter MR, Gregorich EG, Anderson DW, Doran JW, Jenzen HH, Pierce FJ., (1997). Concepts of soil quality and their significance. In: Gregorich EG,Carter MR, editors. Soil quality for crop production and ecosystemhealth. Holland: Elsevier; p. 1– 20.
  • Clemens DR, Weise SF, Brown R, Stonehouse DP, Hume DJ, Swanton CJ., (1995). Energy analyses of tillage and herbicide inputs in alternative weedmanagement systems. Agric Ecosyst Environ;52:119–28.
  • Collins NE, Kimble LJ, Williams TH., (1976). Energy requirements for tillage oncoastal plains soils. In: Lockeretz W, editor. Agriculture and energy.New York: Academic Press; p. 233–44.
  • Davoodi, M. J. Ş., Housyar, E., (2009). Energy consumption of canola and sunflower production in Iran. American-Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 6(4): 381-384. ISSN 1818-6769, IDOSI Publications.
  • Dyer JA, Desjardins RL., (2003). The impact of farm machinery management onthe greenhouse gas emissions from Canadian agriculture. J SustainAgric p;22:59 –74.
  • Dvoskin D, Nicol K, Heady EO., (1976). Irrigation energy requirements in the 17 western states. In: Lockeretz W, editor. Agriculture and energy. New York: Academic;p. 103– 12.
  • Fluck RC., (1992). Energy in farm production. In: Fluck RC, editor. Energy inworld agriculture. 6th ed. New York: Elsevier;. p. 218– 67.
  • Follett RF., (2001). Soil management concepts and carbon sequestration in cropland soils. Soil Tillage Res;61:77–92. Franzluebbers AJ, Francis CA., (1995). Energy output:input ratio of maize andsorghum management systems in eastern Nebraska. Agric Ecosyst Environ;53:271– 8.
  • Gifford RM., (1984). Energy in different agricultural systems: renewable and nonrenewablesources. In: Stanhill G, editor. Energy and Agriculture. Berlin:Springer-Verlag;. p. 84–112.
  • Gözübüyük Z., Çelik A., Öztürk İ., Demir O., Adıgüzel, MC., (2012). Buğday Üretiminde Farklı, Toprak İşleme- Ekim Sistemlerinin Enerji Kullanım Etkinliği Yönünden Karşılaştırılması. Tarım Makineleri Bilimi Dergisi. Cilt 8(1).
  • Green MB. (1987). Energy in pesticide manufacture, distribution and use. In: StoutBA, Mudahar MS, editors. Energy in plant nutrition and pest control.Amsterdam: Elsevier; p. 165–77.
  • Gregorich EG, Anderson DW., (1985). The effects of cultivation and erosion onsoils of four toposequences in the Canadian prairies. Geoderma;36:343– 54.
  • Herdt RW, Steiner RA., (1995). Agricultural sustainability: concepts and conundrums. Agricultural sustainability: economic, environmental and statistical considerations. UK:Wiley; p. 3–14.
  • IPCC., (2001). Climate change: the scientific basis. Intergovernment panel on climatechange. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge Univ. Press.
  • ITRC., (1996). Munger-Poonian Farms Report. Irrigation Training and ResearchCenter (ITRC). Report R96-003 (http://www.ITRC.org).
  • Izaurralde RC, McGill WB, Bryden A, Graham S, Ward M, Dickey P., (1997). Scientific challenges in developing a plan to predict and verify carbonstorage in Canadian prairie soils. In: Lal R, Kimble JM, Follett RF,Stewart BA, editors. Management of carbon sequestration in soil. Florida:CRC;. p. 433–46.
  • Jacinthe P, Lal R., (2001), A mass balance approach to assess carbon dioxideevolution during erosional events. Land Degrad Dev;12:329– 39.
  • Karaağaç, H A., Aykanat, S., Coşkun, M., A., Şimşek, M., (2012). Buğday Tarımında Farklı Ekim Tekniklerinin Enerji Bilançosu. 27. Tarımsal Mekanizasyon Ulusal Kongresi Bildiri Kitabı. 5-7 Eylül Samsun.
  • Koller K., (1996). Production de ce´re´als sous labor. Rev Suisse Agric;28:30.
  • Lacewell RD, Collins GS., (1986). Energy inputs on western groundwater irrigatedareas. In: Whittlesey NK, editor. Energy and water management inwestern irrigated agriculture. Studies in water policy and management vol:7. Colorado: Westview Press;. p. 155– 76.
  • Lal R., (1999). Soil management and restoration for C sequestration to mitigate theaccelerated greenhouse effect. Prog Environ Sci;1:307 –26.
  • Lal R., (2000). World cropland soils as a source or sink for atmospheric C. AdvAgron;71:145–91.
  • Lal R., (2003). Soils and the global carbon budget. Environ Int;29:437– 50.
  • Lal R., (2004). Carbon emission from farm operations. Environment International 30: 981– 990
  • Lal R, Kimble JM, Follett RF, Cole CV., (1998). The Potential of U.S. Cropland toSequester Carbon and Mitigate the Greenhouse Effect. Boca Raton, FL:Lewis Publishers; (128pp).
  • Lewis DA., (1982). The role of energy in U.K. agriculture. In: Robinson DW,Mollan RC, editors. Energy management and agriculture. Proc. Firstsummer school in agriculture, Dublin, Ireland. Amsterdam: Elsevier;. p. 43– 65.
  • Lobb D., (1989). A study of the impact of no-till on tractor fuel cost vs. cropreturns. Guelph, Ontario: Agric Energy Center;. 19 pp.
  • Lockeretz W., (1983). Energy implications of conservation tillage. J Soil WaterConserv;38:207–11. Marland G, West TO, Schlamadinger B, Canella L. (2003). Managing soil organiccarbon in agriculture: the net effect on greenhouse gas emissions. Tellus; 55B :613 – 21.
  • McDougall J, Phillips M., (2003). The impact of agricultural biotechnology on theconventional agricultural market. In: Kalaitzandonakes NG, editor. The economic and environmental impacts of agbiotech: a global perspective.New York: Kluwer Academic Publishing/Plenum; p. 19– 41.
  • Mrini M, Senhaji F, Pimentel D., (2002). Energy analysis of sugar beet productionunder traditional and intensive farming systems and impacts on sustainable agriculture. J Sustain Agric;20:5– 28.
  • Odum HT., (1998). Self organization, transformity and information. Science;242:1132– 9.
  • Öztürk H, Yaşar B, Eren Ö., (2015). Tarimda enerji kullanimi ve yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklari www.zmo.org.tr/resimler/ekler/ce30eeb956b8bbd_ek.pdf
  • Öztürk, HH., (2011). Bitkisel Üretimde Enerji Yönetimi. Hasad yayıncılık.
  • Pimentel D., (1992). Energy inputs in production agriculture. Energy World Agric;6:13– 29.
  • Rhoton FE, Tyler DD., (1990). Erosion-induced changes in the properties of a Fragipan soil. Soil Sci Soc Am J; 54:223–8.
  • Sabah, M., (2010). Söke Ovasında İkinci Ürün Yağlık Ayçiçeği Üretiminde Enerji Kullanımı. Çukurova Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Tarım Makinaları Anabilim Dalı. Yüksek Lisans Tezi.
  • Schlesinger WH., (1997). Biogeochemistry: an analysis of global change. California:Academic Press;
  • Schrock MD, Kramer JK, Clark SJ., (1985). Fuel requirements for field operationsin Kansas. Trans ASAE;28:669– 874.
  • Shelton DP, Von Burgen K, Al-Jiburi AS., (1980). Nebraska on-farm fuel use survey. Trans ASAE;23:89– 92.
  • Smith SV, Renwick WH, Buddemeir RW, Crossland CJ., (2001). Budgets of soilerosion and deposition for sediments and sedimentary organic carbon across the conterminous USA. Glob Biogeochem Cycles;15:697–707.
  • Southwell PH, Rothwell TM., (1997). Analysis of output/input energy ratios of foodproduction in Ontario. Contract Serial OSW76-00048. School of Engineering,Univ. of Guelph, Ontario;
  • Stout BA., (1984). Energy use and management in agriculture. Massachusetts:Breton;
  • Stout BA., (1990). Handbook of energy for world agriculture. New York: Elsevier; 504 pp.
  • Swanton CJ, Clements DR, Derksen DA., (1993). Weed succession under conservationtillage: a hierarchical framework for research and management. Weed Technol;7:286– 7.
  • Swanton CJ, Murphy SD, Hume DJ, Clemens DR., (1996). Recent improvements inthe energy efficiency of agriculture: cast studies from Ontario, Canada.Agric Syst;52:399– 418.
  • Ulgati S, Brown MT., (1998). Monitoring pattern of sustainability in natural andman-made ecosystems. Ecol Model;23–36.
  • West TO, Marland G., (2002). A synthesis of carbon sequestration, carbon emissions,and net carbon flux in agriculture: comparing tillage practices in the United States. Agric Eco Environ;91:217– 32.

AN EVALUATION ENERGY USE IN AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES

Year 2016, Volume: 6 Issue: 3, 18 - 29, 20.12.2016

İlker Hüseyin Çelen

Abstract



Energy analysis to be made on agricultural production is important in
terms of energy consumption defined grouping of the agricultural system. To
carefully analyze the inputs and outputs used in production to increase
productivity and reduce inputs in the production is required. Identification of
alternative technologies and the development of carbon are also needed to transform
the energy equivalent units in order to assess the real carbon cost of their
production systems. In this study, the literature data on direct or indirect
energy use agricultural practices to collect and analyze the carbon equivalent
(kg CE) as the carbon output of some system performing conversion / input ratio
in the long term has tried to put forward changes that may occur. Calculations
result, it receives the highest share of irrigation in energy production
inputs, followed by fertilizer, fuel-oil, machinery, pharmaceuticals, it seems
to follow the grain of human labor and energy.

Keywords

Agriculture Energy Carbon Mechanization Input Output

References

  • Arıkan, M., (2011). Adana İlinde Kolza Üretiminde Enerji Kullanımı. Çukurova Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Tarım Makinaları Anabilim Dalı. Yüksek Lisans Tezi.
  • Baran MF, Gökdoğan O., (2014). Karpuz ve Kavun Yetiştiriciliğinde Enerji Girdi-Çıktı Analizi:Kırklareli İli Örneği. Anadolu Tarım Bilim. Derg., 29(3):217-224
  • Baran MF, Gökdoğan O.,Karaağaç, G, (2014). Kanola Üretiminde Enerji Kullanım Etkinliğinin Belirlenmesi (Kırklareli İli Örneği). Türk Tarım ve Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi 1(3): 331-337, 2014
  • Baran MF, Karaağaç, G, (2014). Kırklareli Koşullarında İkinci Ürün Ayçiçeği Üretiminde Enerji Kullanım Etkinliğinin Belirlenmesi. Türk Tarım ve Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi 1(2): 117–123
  • Batty JC, Keller J., (1980)Energy requirements for irrigation. In: Pimentel D,editor. Handbook of energy utilization in agriculture. Florida: CRC. p. 35– 44.
  • Bezdicek DF, Papendick RI, Lal R., (1996) Importance of soil quality to health andsustainable land management. In:
  • Borin M, Menini C, Sartori L. (1997). Effects of tillage systems on energyand carbon balance in northeastern Italy. Soil Tillage Res;40:209– 26.
  • Bowers CG. (1989).Tillage draft and energy measurements for twelve southeasternsoil series. T ASAE;32:1492– 502. Carter MR, Gregorich EG, Anderson DW, Doran JW, Jenzen HH, Pierce FJ., (1997). Concepts of soil quality and their significance. In: Gregorich EG,Carter MR, editors. Soil quality for crop production and ecosystemhealth. Holland: Elsevier; p. 1– 20.
  • Clemens DR, Weise SF, Brown R, Stonehouse DP, Hume DJ, Swanton CJ., (1995). Energy analyses of tillage and herbicide inputs in alternative weedmanagement systems. Agric Ecosyst Environ;52:119–28.
  • Collins NE, Kimble LJ, Williams TH., (1976). Energy requirements for tillage oncoastal plains soils. In: Lockeretz W, editor. Agriculture and energy.New York: Academic Press; p. 233–44.
  • Davoodi, M. J. Ş., Housyar, E., (2009). Energy consumption of canola and sunflower production in Iran. American-Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 6(4): 381-384. ISSN 1818-6769, IDOSI Publications.
  • Dyer JA, Desjardins RL., (2003). The impact of farm machinery management onthe greenhouse gas emissions from Canadian agriculture. J SustainAgric p;22:59 –74.
  • Dvoskin D, Nicol K, Heady EO., (1976). Irrigation energy requirements in the 17 western states. In: Lockeretz W, editor. Agriculture and energy. New York: Academic;p. 103– 12.
  • Fluck RC., (1992). Energy in farm production. In: Fluck RC, editor. Energy inworld agriculture. 6th ed. New York: Elsevier;. p. 218– 67.
  • Follett RF., (2001). Soil management concepts and carbon sequestration in cropland soils. Soil Tillage Res;61:77–92. Franzluebbers AJ, Francis CA., (1995). Energy output:input ratio of maize andsorghum management systems in eastern Nebraska. Agric Ecosyst Environ;53:271– 8.
  • Gifford RM., (1984). Energy in different agricultural systems: renewable and nonrenewablesources. In: Stanhill G, editor. Energy and Agriculture. Berlin:Springer-Verlag;. p. 84–112.
  • Gözübüyük Z., Çelik A., Öztürk İ., Demir O., Adıgüzel, MC., (2012). Buğday Üretiminde Farklı, Toprak İşleme- Ekim Sistemlerinin Enerji Kullanım Etkinliği Yönünden Karşılaştırılması. Tarım Makineleri Bilimi Dergisi. Cilt 8(1).
  • Green MB. (1987). Energy in pesticide manufacture, distribution and use. In: StoutBA, Mudahar MS, editors. Energy in plant nutrition and pest control.Amsterdam: Elsevier; p. 165–77.
  • Gregorich EG, Anderson DW., (1985). The effects of cultivation and erosion onsoils of four toposequences in the Canadian prairies. Geoderma;36:343– 54.
  • Herdt RW, Steiner RA., (1995). Agricultural sustainability: concepts and conundrums. Agricultural sustainability: economic, environmental and statistical considerations. UK:Wiley; p. 3–14.
  • IPCC., (2001). Climate change: the scientific basis. Intergovernment panel on climatechange. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge Univ. Press.
  • ITRC., (1996). Munger-Poonian Farms Report. Irrigation Training and ResearchCenter (ITRC). Report R96-003 (http://www.ITRC.org).
  • Izaurralde RC, McGill WB, Bryden A, Graham S, Ward M, Dickey P., (1997). Scientific challenges in developing a plan to predict and verify carbonstorage in Canadian prairie soils. In: Lal R, Kimble JM, Follett RF,Stewart BA, editors. Management of carbon sequestration in soil. Florida:CRC;. p. 433–46.
  • Jacinthe P, Lal R., (2001), A mass balance approach to assess carbon dioxideevolution during erosional events. Land Degrad Dev;12:329– 39.
  • Karaağaç, H A., Aykanat, S., Coşkun, M., A., Şimşek, M., (2012). Buğday Tarımında Farklı Ekim Tekniklerinin Enerji Bilançosu. 27. Tarımsal Mekanizasyon Ulusal Kongresi Bildiri Kitabı. 5-7 Eylül Samsun.
  • Koller K., (1996). Production de ce´re´als sous labor. Rev Suisse Agric;28:30.
  • Lacewell RD, Collins GS., (1986). Energy inputs on western groundwater irrigatedareas. In: Whittlesey NK, editor. Energy and water management inwestern irrigated agriculture. Studies in water policy and management vol:7. Colorado: Westview Press;. p. 155– 76.
  • Lal R., (1999). Soil management and restoration for C sequestration to mitigate theaccelerated greenhouse effect. Prog Environ Sci;1:307 –26.
  • Lal R., (2000). World cropland soils as a source or sink for atmospheric C. AdvAgron;71:145–91.
  • Lal R., (2003). Soils and the global carbon budget. Environ Int;29:437– 50.
  • Lal R., (2004). Carbon emission from farm operations. Environment International 30: 981– 990
  • Lal R, Kimble JM, Follett RF, Cole CV., (1998). The Potential of U.S. Cropland toSequester Carbon and Mitigate the Greenhouse Effect. Boca Raton, FL:Lewis Publishers; (128pp).
  • Lewis DA., (1982). The role of energy in U.K. agriculture. In: Robinson DW,Mollan RC, editors. Energy management and agriculture. Proc. Firstsummer school in agriculture, Dublin, Ireland. Amsterdam: Elsevier;. p. 43– 65.
  • Lobb D., (1989). A study of the impact of no-till on tractor fuel cost vs. cropreturns. Guelph, Ontario: Agric Energy Center;. 19 pp.
  • Lockeretz W., (1983). Energy implications of conservation tillage. J Soil WaterConserv;38:207–11. Marland G, West TO, Schlamadinger B, Canella L. (2003). Managing soil organiccarbon in agriculture: the net effect on greenhouse gas emissions. Tellus; 55B :613 – 21.
  • McDougall J, Phillips M., (2003). The impact of agricultural biotechnology on theconventional agricultural market. In: Kalaitzandonakes NG, editor. The economic and environmental impacts of agbiotech: a global perspective.New York: Kluwer Academic Publishing/Plenum; p. 19– 41.
  • Mrini M, Senhaji F, Pimentel D., (2002). Energy analysis of sugar beet productionunder traditional and intensive farming systems and impacts on sustainable agriculture. J Sustain Agric;20:5– 28.
  • Odum HT., (1998). Self organization, transformity and information. Science;242:1132– 9.
  • Öztürk H, Yaşar B, Eren Ö., (2015). Tarimda enerji kullanimi ve yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklari www.zmo.org.tr/resimler/ekler/ce30eeb956b8bbd_ek.pdf
  • Öztürk, HH., (2011). Bitkisel Üretimde Enerji Yönetimi. Hasad yayıncılık.
  • Pimentel D., (1992). Energy inputs in production agriculture. Energy World Agric;6:13– 29.
  • Rhoton FE, Tyler DD., (1990). Erosion-induced changes in the properties of a Fragipan soil. Soil Sci Soc Am J; 54:223–8.
  • Sabah, M., (2010). Söke Ovasında İkinci Ürün Yağlık Ayçiçeği Üretiminde Enerji Kullanımı. Çukurova Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Tarım Makinaları Anabilim Dalı. Yüksek Lisans Tezi.
  • Schlesinger WH., (1997). Biogeochemistry: an analysis of global change. California:Academic Press;
  • Schrock MD, Kramer JK, Clark SJ., (1985). Fuel requirements for field operationsin Kansas. Trans ASAE;28:669– 874.
  • Shelton DP, Von Burgen K, Al-Jiburi AS., (1980). Nebraska on-farm fuel use survey. Trans ASAE;23:89– 92.
  • Smith SV, Renwick WH, Buddemeir RW, Crossland CJ., (2001). Budgets of soilerosion and deposition for sediments and sedimentary organic carbon across the conterminous USA. Glob Biogeochem Cycles;15:697–707.
  • Southwell PH, Rothwell TM., (1997). Analysis of output/input energy ratios of foodproduction in Ontario. Contract Serial OSW76-00048. School of Engineering,Univ. of Guelph, Ontario;
  • Stout BA., (1984). Energy use and management in agriculture. Massachusetts:Breton;
  • Stout BA., (1990). Handbook of energy for world agriculture. New York: Elsevier; 504 pp.
  • Swanton CJ, Clements DR, Derksen DA., (1993). Weed succession under conservationtillage: a hierarchical framework for research and management. Weed Technol;7:286– 7.
  • Swanton CJ, Murphy SD, Hume DJ, Clemens DR., (1996). Recent improvements inthe energy efficiency of agriculture: cast studies from Ontario, Canada.Agric Syst;52:399– 418.
  • Ulgati S, Brown MT., (1998). Monitoring pattern of sustainability in natural andman-made ecosystems. Ecol Model;23–36.
  • West TO, Marland G., (2002). A synthesis of carbon sequestration, carbon emissions,and net carbon flux in agriculture: comparing tillage practices in the United States. Agric Eco Environ;91:217– 32.
There are 54 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

İlker Hüseyin Çelen

Publication Date December 20, 2016
Submission Date June 1, 2016
Published in Issue Year 2016 Volume: 6 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Çelen, İ. H. (2016). TARIMSAL UYGULAMALARDA ENERJİ KULLANIMI ÜZERİNE BİR DEĞERLENDİRME. Ejovoc (Electronic Journal of Vocational Colleges), 6(3), 18-29.
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