Research Article
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The Potential Uses of Olive Leaf Extracts in Various Areas

Year 2022, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 8 - 22, 30.06.2022

Songül Tacer Meltem Aşan Özüsağlam

Abstract

Olive leaves have been used in traditional folk remedies for centuries. In this study, antimicrobial of food and clinical, fish pathogens and breast milk-derived lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and sun protection factors (SPF) of olive leaf extracts of Ayvalık Yaglık and Manzanilla variety were investigated. The results of the disc diffusion method indicated that extract showed antibacterial activity against the test microorganisms with inhibition zones from 8.52 mm to19.36 mm. The potential for use of the different extracts together with some lactic acid bacteria strains LAB was also examined. The SPF values of the extract and the extract+cream mixture were recorded as 0.05 and 16.46. According to these results, leaves extracts can be used as a sunscreen in cosmetics industry. In addition, the extracts have shown that they can be used as natural additives in feed and food products as an alternative to chemical preservatives.

Keywords

Antimicrobial Extract Natural Preservatives Ultra Violet Cream

Thanks

We would like to thank the İzmir Olive Research Institute Directorate for providing olive leaf samples.

References

  • Abriouel H., Benomar N., Cobo A., Caballero N., Fernández Fuentes M. Á. Pérez-Pulido & R., et al. 2012. Characterization of lactic acid bacteria from naturally-fermented M Alorena green table olives. Food Microbiol. 32, 308–316. doi: 10.1016/j.fm.2012.07.006.
  • Ahmed A.M. Rabii N.S. Garbaj A.M. & Abolghait S.K. 2014. Antibacterial effect of olive (Olea europaea L.) leaves extract in raw peeled undeveined shrimp (Penaeus semisulcatus). Int. J. Veter. Sci. Med., 2, 53–56.
  • Amund O. D. 2016. Exploring the relationship between exposure to technological and gastrointestinal stress and probiotic functional properties of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria. Can. J. Microbiol. 62, 715–725. doi: 10.1139.
  • Ayana B. & Turhan K.N. 2009. Use of antimicrobial methylcellulose films to control Staphylococcus aureus during storage of Kasar cheese. Packag. Technol. Sci. 22, 461–469.
  • Baker H. C., Tran D. N. & Thomas L. V. 2009. Health benefits of probiotics for the elderly: a review. J. Foodserves 20, 250–252. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-0159.2009.00147.
  • Bambai V., Wyawahare N., Turaskar A. & Mishra M. 2011. Study of sunscreen activity of herbal cream containing flower extract of Nyctanthes Arbortrıstıs L. and Tagetes Erecta L., 11(1);027.
  • Bayçin D., Altiok E., Ülkü S., Bayraktar & O., Baycin, D. 2007. Adsorption of olive leaf (Olea europaea L.) antioxidants on silk fibroin. J. Agric. Food Chem., 55, 1227–1236.
  • Ben-Othman S., Jõudu I. & Bhat, R. 2020. Bioactives from agri-food wastes: Present insights and future challenges. Molecules, 25, 510. Björn LO 2015. History ultraviolet-A, B, and C. UV4Plants Bull 1: 17–18.
  • Boudhrioua N., Bahloul N., Slimen I.B. & Kechaou, N. 2008. Comparison on the total phenol contents and the color of fresh and infrared dried olive leaves. Ind. Crops Prod. 9, 412–419 https://doi. org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2008.08.001.
  • Brahmi F.; Flamini G.; Issaoui M.; Dhibi M.; Dabbou S.; Mastouri M. & Hammami M. 2012. Chemical composition and biological activities of volatile fractions from three Tunisian cultivars of olive leaves. Med. Chem. Res. 21, 2863–2872.
  • Brown P. & Dawson M.J. 2015. A perspective on the next generation of antibacterial agents derived by manipulation of natural products. In Progress in Medicinal Chemistry; Elsevier B.V.: Oxford, UK, Volume 54, pp. 135–184.
  • Chen X., Sullivan D.A., Sullivan A.G., Kam W.R. & Liu Y. 2018. Toxicity of cosmetic preservatives on human ocular surface and adnexal cells. Experimental Eye Research, 170, 188–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EXER.2018.02.020.
  • da Silvaa A. C.P., Paivab J.P., Dinizb R.R., dos Anjosa V.M, Silvaa A.BS.M., Pintoc A. V. dos Santosd E. P., Leitãoe A. C., Cabralf L.M., Rodriguesg C.R., de Pádulab M. & Santosa B. A. M.C. 2019. Photoprotection assessment of olive (Olea europaea L.) leaves extract standardized to oleuropein: In vitro and in silico approach for improved sunscreens. Journal of Photochemistry & Photobiology, B: Biology 193,162-171.
  • Dotto M & Casati P 2017. Developmental reproGramming by UV-B radiation in plants. Plant Sci 264: 96–101.
  • Erdogan Z.Ö. & Turhan K.N. 2012. Olive leaf extract and usage for development of antimicrobial food packaging. In Science against Microbial Pathogens: Communicating Current Research and Technological Advances; Formatex: Norristown, PA, USA, pp. 1094–1101. FAO/WHO 2006. Probiotics in Food. Health and nutritional properties and guidelines for evaluation. Freshwater Fisheries Research 2(1): 19-29.
  • Goreishi S.M. 2009. Gholami Shahrestani, R. Subcritical water extraction of mannitol from olive leaves. J. Food Eng. 93, 474–481. Goswami P.K., Samant M. & Srivastava R. 2013. Natural Sunscreen Agents: A Review. Scholars Academic Journal of Pharmacy.; 2(6):458-463.
  • Haloui E., Marzouk B., Marzouk Z., Bouraoui A. & Fenina N. 2011. Hydroxytyrosol and oleuropein from olive leaves: potent anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities, J. Food Agric. Environ. 9,128–133.
  • Hegarty J. W., Guinane C. M. Ross R. P. Hill C., & Cotter P. D. 2016. Bacteriocin production: a relatively unharnessed probiotic trait? F1000Res 5, 2587. doi: 10.12688/f1000research.9615.1.
  • Henny S. & Dachriyanus L. 2015. Formulation of Sunscreen Cream of Germanicol cinnamate from the Leaves of Tabat barito (Ficus deltoides Jack) and an Assay of its' Sun Protection Factor. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res. 32(1): 104-107.
  • Imam S., Azhar I. & Mahmood ZA. 2015. In-vitro evaluation of sun protection factor of a cream formulation prepared from extracts of Musa accuminata (L.), Psidium gujava (L.) and Pyrus communis (L.), Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 8(3):234-237. Jenkins GI 2017 Photomorphogenic responses to ultraviolet-B light. Plant Cell Environ 40: 2544–2557.
  • Kaneko I., Chiba T., Hayamizu K., Tsuji T. 2008. Effect of a supplement containing olive leaf extract against ultraviolet light-induced tanning: a double-blind placebo-controlled study, Anti-aging Med. 5 78–8.
  • Karygianni L., Cecere M., Skaltsounis A.L., Argyropoulou A., Hellwig E., Aligiannis N., Wittmer A. & Al-Ahmad, A. 2014. High-level antimicrobial efficacy of representative mediterranean natural plant extracts against oral microorganisms. BioMed Res. Int., 1–8. Khalil M.M., Ismail E.H., El-Baghdady K.Z. & Mohamed D. 2014. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using olive leaf extract and its antibacterial activity. Arab. J. Chem. 7, 1131–1139.
  • Khazaeli P., Pardakhtı A. & Hasanzadeh, F. 2008. Formulation of ibuprofen beads by ionotropic gelation.
  • Korukluoğlu M, Şahan Y, Yiğit A, Tümay-Özer E. & Gücer Ş. 2010. Antibacterial activity and chemical constitutions of Olea europaea L. leaf extracts. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, (34): 383-396.
  • Lafka T.I., Lazou A., Sinanoglou V., Lazos E. 2013. Phenolic extracts from wild olive leaves and their potential as edible oils antioxidants. Foods, 2, 18–31.
  • Lee O.H. & Lee, B.Y. 2010. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of individual and combined phenolics in Olea europaea leaf extract. Bioresour. Technol., 101, 3751–3754.
  • Liu Y., McKeever L.C. & Malik N.S.A. 2017. Assessment of the antimicrobial activity of olive leaf extract against foodborne bacterial pathogens. Front. Microbiol., 8, 113.
  • Magnusson J. & Schnürer, J. (2001). Lactobacillus coryniformis subsp. coryniformis strain Si3 produces a broad-spectrum proteinaceous antifungal compound. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67, 1–5. doi: 10.1128/AEM.67.1.1-5.2001.
  • Mansur JS., Breder MNR., Mansur MCA. & Azulay, RD. 1986. "Correlaçäo entre a determinaçäo do fator de proteçäo solar em seres humanos e por espectrofotometria". Anais Brasileiros De Dermatologia, 61(3): 121-4.
  • Marhamatizadeh M.H., Ehsandoost E., Gholami P. & Mohaghegh M.D. 2013. Effect of Olive Leaf Extract on Growth and Viability of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum for Production of Probiotic Milk and Yoghurt. International Journal of Farming and Allied Sciences. 2-17/572-578.
  • Marhamatizadeh MH, Karmand M., Farokhi AR., Rafatjoo R. & Rezazade S. 2011. The effects of malt extract on the increasing growth of probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum in probiotic milk and yoghurt. J Food Technol Nutr 8: 78-84. Markin D., Duek L. & Berdicevsky I. 2003. In vitro antimicrobial activity of olive leaves. Mycoses, 46, 132–136.
  • Menanteau-Ledouble S., Lawrence M.L., El-Matbouli M. (2018). Invasion and replication of Yersinia ruckeri in fish cell cultures. BMC Vet. Res. 14, 1–11.
  • Mutlu A, & Bilgin Ş 2016. Zeytin (Olea europaea L.) Yaprağı ve Yağ Gülü (Rosa damascene Mill.) Ekstraktlarının Buzdolabı Koşullarında (4±1°C) Depolanan Sıcak Dumanlanmış Alabalık (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Filetolarının Raf Ömrüne Etkisi. LIMNOFISH-Journal of Limnology and Medicinal Chemistry, 14: 8533-8538.
  • Onuk E., durmaz. Y., Çiftci. A., & Pekmezci, G. 2015. Çeşitli Balık Türlerinden İzole Edilen Patojen Bakteriler ve Antibiyotik Direnç Profilleri. 10-3.https://doi.org/10.17094/avbd.08517.
  • Pereira A.P., Ferreira I.C., Marcelino F., Valentão P., Andrade P.B., Seabra R., Estevinho L. & Bento A., Pereira J.A. 2007. Phenolic compounds and antimicrobial activity of olive (Olea europaea L. cv. Cobrançosa) leaves. Molecules 12, 1153–1162. https ://doi.org/10.3390/12051153.
  • Pereira JA, Pereira APG, Ferreira ICFR, Valenta OP, Andrade PB, Seabra R, Estevinho L, Bento A 2006. Table olives from portugal: phenolic compounds, antioxidant potential, and antimicrobial activity. J. Agric. Food Chem. 54; 8425−8431.
  • Perugini P., Vettor M., Rona C., Troisi L., Villanova L., Genta I. & Pavanetto Conti, B. 2008. Efficacy of oleuropein against UVB irradiation: preliminary evaluation, Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. 30 113–120.
  • Phenolics and antimicrobial activity of traditional stoned table olives Alcaparra. Bioorganic & Poudyal H., Campbell F. & Brown L. 2010. Olive leaf extract attenuates cardiac, hepatic, and metabolic changes in high carbohydrate-, high fat-fed rats. J. Nutr., 140, 946–953.
  • Raymond C.R., Paul J.S., Marian E.Q. 2009. Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients (6th ed.). Pharmaceutical Press.
  • Robson TM, Aphalo PJ, Banas AK, Barnes PW, Brelsford CC, Jenkins GI, Kotilainen TK, Łabuz J, Martınez-Abaigar J. & Morales LO. 2019. A perspective on ecologically relevant plant-UV research and its practical application. Photochem Photobiol Sci 18: 970–988.
  • Saulnier D. M., Spinler J. K., Gibson G. R., & Versalovic, J. 2009. Mechanisms of probiosis and prebiosis: considerations for enhanced functional foods. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 20, 135–141. doi: 10.1016/j.copbio.2009.01.002.
  • Sousa A, Ferreira ICFR, Calhelha R, Andrade PB, Valentão P, Bento A, Pereira JA 2006.
  • Sudjana A.N., D’Orazio C., Ryan V., Rasool N.; Ng J., Islam N., Riley T.V. & Hammer, K.A. 2009. Antimicrobial activity of commercial Olea europaea (olive) leaf extract. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents, 33, 461–463.
  • Suez O. 2019. Bacteria associated with fresh-water aquaculture tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus) in Suez, Egypt. Food Sci. Nutr. Res. 2, 1–7.
  • Verdaguer D, Jansen MAKK, Llorens L, Morales LO & Neugart S 2017. UV-A radiation effects on higher plants: Exploring the known unknown. Plant Sci 255: 72–81.
  • Wilkinson JB. & Moore R. 1982. Harry’s Cosmeticology: The Principles and Practice and Practice of Modern Cosmetic. Seventh Ed. London: Leonard Hill Book.

Year 2022, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 8 - 22, 30.06.2022

Songül Tacer Meltem Aşan Özüsağlam

Abstract

References

  • Abriouel H., Benomar N., Cobo A., Caballero N., Fernández Fuentes M. Á. Pérez-Pulido & R., et al. 2012. Characterization of lactic acid bacteria from naturally-fermented M Alorena green table olives. Food Microbiol. 32, 308–316. doi: 10.1016/j.fm.2012.07.006.
  • Ahmed A.M. Rabii N.S. Garbaj A.M. & Abolghait S.K. 2014. Antibacterial effect of olive (Olea europaea L.) leaves extract in raw peeled undeveined shrimp (Penaeus semisulcatus). Int. J. Veter. Sci. Med., 2, 53–56.
  • Amund O. D. 2016. Exploring the relationship between exposure to technological and gastrointestinal stress and probiotic functional properties of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria. Can. J. Microbiol. 62, 715–725. doi: 10.1139.
  • Ayana B. & Turhan K.N. 2009. Use of antimicrobial methylcellulose films to control Staphylococcus aureus during storage of Kasar cheese. Packag. Technol. Sci. 22, 461–469.
  • Baker H. C., Tran D. N. & Thomas L. V. 2009. Health benefits of probiotics for the elderly: a review. J. Foodserves 20, 250–252. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-0159.2009.00147.
  • Bambai V., Wyawahare N., Turaskar A. & Mishra M. 2011. Study of sunscreen activity of herbal cream containing flower extract of Nyctanthes Arbortrıstıs L. and Tagetes Erecta L., 11(1);027.
  • Bayçin D., Altiok E., Ülkü S., Bayraktar & O., Baycin, D. 2007. Adsorption of olive leaf (Olea europaea L.) antioxidants on silk fibroin. J. Agric. Food Chem., 55, 1227–1236.
  • Ben-Othman S., Jõudu I. & Bhat, R. 2020. Bioactives from agri-food wastes: Present insights and future challenges. Molecules, 25, 510. Björn LO 2015. History ultraviolet-A, B, and C. UV4Plants Bull 1: 17–18.
  • Boudhrioua N., Bahloul N., Slimen I.B. & Kechaou, N. 2008. Comparison on the total phenol contents and the color of fresh and infrared dried olive leaves. Ind. Crops Prod. 9, 412–419 https://doi. org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2008.08.001.
  • Brahmi F.; Flamini G.; Issaoui M.; Dhibi M.; Dabbou S.; Mastouri M. & Hammami M. 2012. Chemical composition and biological activities of volatile fractions from three Tunisian cultivars of olive leaves. Med. Chem. Res. 21, 2863–2872.
  • Brown P. & Dawson M.J. 2015. A perspective on the next generation of antibacterial agents derived by manipulation of natural products. In Progress in Medicinal Chemistry; Elsevier B.V.: Oxford, UK, Volume 54, pp. 135–184.
  • Chen X., Sullivan D.A., Sullivan A.G., Kam W.R. & Liu Y. 2018. Toxicity of cosmetic preservatives on human ocular surface and adnexal cells. Experimental Eye Research, 170, 188–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EXER.2018.02.020.
  • da Silvaa A. C.P., Paivab J.P., Dinizb R.R., dos Anjosa V.M, Silvaa A.BS.M., Pintoc A. V. dos Santosd E. P., Leitãoe A. C., Cabralf L.M., Rodriguesg C.R., de Pádulab M. & Santosa B. A. M.C. 2019. Photoprotection assessment of olive (Olea europaea L.) leaves extract standardized to oleuropein: In vitro and in silico approach for improved sunscreens. Journal of Photochemistry & Photobiology, B: Biology 193,162-171.
  • Dotto M & Casati P 2017. Developmental reproGramming by UV-B radiation in plants. Plant Sci 264: 96–101.
  • Erdogan Z.Ö. & Turhan K.N. 2012. Olive leaf extract and usage for development of antimicrobial food packaging. In Science against Microbial Pathogens: Communicating Current Research and Technological Advances; Formatex: Norristown, PA, USA, pp. 1094–1101. FAO/WHO 2006. Probiotics in Food. Health and nutritional properties and guidelines for evaluation. Freshwater Fisheries Research 2(1): 19-29.
  • Goreishi S.M. 2009. Gholami Shahrestani, R. Subcritical water extraction of mannitol from olive leaves. J. Food Eng. 93, 474–481. Goswami P.K., Samant M. & Srivastava R. 2013. Natural Sunscreen Agents: A Review. Scholars Academic Journal of Pharmacy.; 2(6):458-463.
  • Haloui E., Marzouk B., Marzouk Z., Bouraoui A. & Fenina N. 2011. Hydroxytyrosol and oleuropein from olive leaves: potent anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities, J. Food Agric. Environ. 9,128–133.
  • Hegarty J. W., Guinane C. M. Ross R. P. Hill C., & Cotter P. D. 2016. Bacteriocin production: a relatively unharnessed probiotic trait? F1000Res 5, 2587. doi: 10.12688/f1000research.9615.1.
  • Henny S. & Dachriyanus L. 2015. Formulation of Sunscreen Cream of Germanicol cinnamate from the Leaves of Tabat barito (Ficus deltoides Jack) and an Assay of its' Sun Protection Factor. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res. 32(1): 104-107.
  • Imam S., Azhar I. & Mahmood ZA. 2015. In-vitro evaluation of sun protection factor of a cream formulation prepared from extracts of Musa accuminata (L.), Psidium gujava (L.) and Pyrus communis (L.), Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 8(3):234-237. Jenkins GI 2017 Photomorphogenic responses to ultraviolet-B light. Plant Cell Environ 40: 2544–2557.
  • Kaneko I., Chiba T., Hayamizu K., Tsuji T. 2008. Effect of a supplement containing olive leaf extract against ultraviolet light-induced tanning: a double-blind placebo-controlled study, Anti-aging Med. 5 78–8.
  • Karygianni L., Cecere M., Skaltsounis A.L., Argyropoulou A., Hellwig E., Aligiannis N., Wittmer A. & Al-Ahmad, A. 2014. High-level antimicrobial efficacy of representative mediterranean natural plant extracts against oral microorganisms. BioMed Res. Int., 1–8. Khalil M.M., Ismail E.H., El-Baghdady K.Z. & Mohamed D. 2014. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using olive leaf extract and its antibacterial activity. Arab. J. Chem. 7, 1131–1139.
  • Khazaeli P., Pardakhtı A. & Hasanzadeh, F. 2008. Formulation of ibuprofen beads by ionotropic gelation.
  • Korukluoğlu M, Şahan Y, Yiğit A, Tümay-Özer E. & Gücer Ş. 2010. Antibacterial activity and chemical constitutions of Olea europaea L. leaf extracts. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, (34): 383-396.
  • Lafka T.I., Lazou A., Sinanoglou V., Lazos E. 2013. Phenolic extracts from wild olive leaves and their potential as edible oils antioxidants. Foods, 2, 18–31.
  • Lee O.H. & Lee, B.Y. 2010. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of individual and combined phenolics in Olea europaea leaf extract. Bioresour. Technol., 101, 3751–3754.
  • Liu Y., McKeever L.C. & Malik N.S.A. 2017. Assessment of the antimicrobial activity of olive leaf extract against foodborne bacterial pathogens. Front. Microbiol., 8, 113.
  • Magnusson J. & Schnürer, J. (2001). Lactobacillus coryniformis subsp. coryniformis strain Si3 produces a broad-spectrum proteinaceous antifungal compound. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67, 1–5. doi: 10.1128/AEM.67.1.1-5.2001.
  • Mansur JS., Breder MNR., Mansur MCA. & Azulay, RD. 1986. "Correlaçäo entre a determinaçäo do fator de proteçäo solar em seres humanos e por espectrofotometria". Anais Brasileiros De Dermatologia, 61(3): 121-4.
  • Marhamatizadeh M.H., Ehsandoost E., Gholami P. & Mohaghegh M.D. 2013. Effect of Olive Leaf Extract on Growth and Viability of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum for Production of Probiotic Milk and Yoghurt. International Journal of Farming and Allied Sciences. 2-17/572-578.
  • Marhamatizadeh MH, Karmand M., Farokhi AR., Rafatjoo R. & Rezazade S. 2011. The effects of malt extract on the increasing growth of probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum in probiotic milk and yoghurt. J Food Technol Nutr 8: 78-84. Markin D., Duek L. & Berdicevsky I. 2003. In vitro antimicrobial activity of olive leaves. Mycoses, 46, 132–136.
  • Menanteau-Ledouble S., Lawrence M.L., El-Matbouli M. (2018). Invasion and replication of Yersinia ruckeri in fish cell cultures. BMC Vet. Res. 14, 1–11.
  • Mutlu A, & Bilgin Ş 2016. Zeytin (Olea europaea L.) Yaprağı ve Yağ Gülü (Rosa damascene Mill.) Ekstraktlarının Buzdolabı Koşullarında (4±1°C) Depolanan Sıcak Dumanlanmış Alabalık (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Filetolarının Raf Ömrüne Etkisi. LIMNOFISH-Journal of Limnology and Medicinal Chemistry, 14: 8533-8538.
  • Onuk E., durmaz. Y., Çiftci. A., & Pekmezci, G. 2015. Çeşitli Balık Türlerinden İzole Edilen Patojen Bakteriler ve Antibiyotik Direnç Profilleri. 10-3.https://doi.org/10.17094/avbd.08517.
  • Pereira A.P., Ferreira I.C., Marcelino F., Valentão P., Andrade P.B., Seabra R., Estevinho L. & Bento A., Pereira J.A. 2007. Phenolic compounds and antimicrobial activity of olive (Olea europaea L. cv. Cobrançosa) leaves. Molecules 12, 1153–1162. https ://doi.org/10.3390/12051153.
  • Pereira JA, Pereira APG, Ferreira ICFR, Valenta OP, Andrade PB, Seabra R, Estevinho L, Bento A 2006. Table olives from portugal: phenolic compounds, antioxidant potential, and antimicrobial activity. J. Agric. Food Chem. 54; 8425−8431.
  • Perugini P., Vettor M., Rona C., Troisi L., Villanova L., Genta I. & Pavanetto Conti, B. 2008. Efficacy of oleuropein against UVB irradiation: preliminary evaluation, Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. 30 113–120.
  • Phenolics and antimicrobial activity of traditional stoned table olives Alcaparra. Bioorganic & Poudyal H., Campbell F. & Brown L. 2010. Olive leaf extract attenuates cardiac, hepatic, and metabolic changes in high carbohydrate-, high fat-fed rats. J. Nutr., 140, 946–953.
  • Raymond C.R., Paul J.S., Marian E.Q. 2009. Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients (6th ed.). Pharmaceutical Press.
  • Robson TM, Aphalo PJ, Banas AK, Barnes PW, Brelsford CC, Jenkins GI, Kotilainen TK, Łabuz J, Martınez-Abaigar J. & Morales LO. 2019. A perspective on ecologically relevant plant-UV research and its practical application. Photochem Photobiol Sci 18: 970–988.
  • Saulnier D. M., Spinler J. K., Gibson G. R., & Versalovic, J. 2009. Mechanisms of probiosis and prebiosis: considerations for enhanced functional foods. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 20, 135–141. doi: 10.1016/j.copbio.2009.01.002.
  • Sousa A, Ferreira ICFR, Calhelha R, Andrade PB, Valentão P, Bento A, Pereira JA 2006.
  • Sudjana A.N., D’Orazio C., Ryan V., Rasool N.; Ng J., Islam N., Riley T.V. & Hammer, K.A. 2009. Antimicrobial activity of commercial Olea europaea (olive) leaf extract. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents, 33, 461–463.
  • Suez O. 2019. Bacteria associated with fresh-water aquaculture tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus) in Suez, Egypt. Food Sci. Nutr. Res. 2, 1–7.
  • Verdaguer D, Jansen MAKK, Llorens L, Morales LO & Neugart S 2017. UV-A radiation effects on higher plants: Exploring the known unknown. Plant Sci 255: 72–81.
  • Wilkinson JB. & Moore R. 1982. Harry’s Cosmeticology: The Principles and Practice and Practice of Modern Cosmetic. Seventh Ed. London: Leonard Hill Book.
There are 46 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Food Engineering
Journal Section Article
Authors

Songül Tacer

Meltem Aşan Özüsağlam 0000-0002-3638-1306

Publication Date June 30, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 6 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Tacer, S., & Aşan Özüsağlam, M. (2022). The Potential Uses of Olive Leaf Extracts in Various Areas. Eurasian Journal of Food Science and Technology, 6(1), 8-22.
AMA Tacer S, Aşan Özüsağlam M. The Potential Uses of Olive Leaf Extracts in Various Areas. EJFST. June 2022;6(1):8-22.
Chicago Tacer, Songül, and Meltem Aşan Özüsağlam. “The Potential Uses of Olive Leaf Extracts in Various Areas”. Eurasian Journal of Food Science and Technology 6, no. 1 (June 2022): 8-22.
EndNote Tacer S, Aşan Özüsağlam M (June 1, 2022) The Potential Uses of Olive Leaf Extracts in Various Areas. Eurasian Journal of Food Science and Technology 6 1 8–22.
IEEE S. Tacer and M. Aşan Özüsağlam, “The Potential Uses of Olive Leaf Extracts in Various Areas”, EJFST, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 8–22, 2022.
ISNAD Tacer, Songül - Aşan Özüsağlam, Meltem. “The Potential Uses of Olive Leaf Extracts in Various Areas”. Eurasian Journal of Food Science and Technology 6/1 (June 2022), 8-22.
JAMA Tacer S, Aşan Özüsağlam M. The Potential Uses of Olive Leaf Extracts in Various Areas. EJFST. 2022;6:8–22.
MLA Tacer, Songül and Meltem Aşan Özüsağlam. “The Potential Uses of Olive Leaf Extracts in Various Areas”. Eurasian Journal of Food Science and Technology, vol. 6, no. 1, 2022, pp. 8-22.
Vancouver Tacer S, Aşan Özüsağlam M. The Potential Uses of Olive Leaf Extracts in Various Areas. EJFST. 2022;6(1):8-22.
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