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Trace Metal Profiles of Human Hair and Nail Samples Collected from Urban and Rural Areas of Zonguldak, Turkey

Year 2020, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 915 - 924, 31.01.2020
https://doi.org/10.29130/dubited.641006

Abstract

Hair
and nail samples were collected
during a period of October
to December 2012

from 63 healthy subjects who have been living in Zonguldak for at least ten consecutive years. The subjects
aged over 30 years and having no serious health problems were participated in
the study. The methodology involved the collection, ultrasonic cleaning and
microwave digestion of samples. The measurements of trace metals (As, Cu, Zn,
Se, Cd, Pb, Cr, Fe and Ni) in samples were performed with inductively coupled
plasma-mass spectrometry.
The predominant metals
determined in the both hair and nail samples were the essential metals with the
decreasing concentrations in the order of Zn>Fe>Cu. Other metals
determined in the hair samples followed the concentration order of Pb>Se>Ni>Cr>As>Cd
, whereas in the nail samples, the order was
Se>Ni>Cr>Pb>As>Cd. Subgroups were formed according to location
and gender.
Hair Se and Fe concentrations were significantly
higher in urban residents.
With
regard to nail samples, the rural residents exhibited more elevated Fe levels
significantly.
Gender
had a significant influence on the concentration of Zn and Cu in hair samples
with females presenting higher values. However,
the effect of gender on the trace metal concentrations in nail samples was
negligible. T
he metal concentrations obtained for Zonguldak
were within or below the values
reported
worldwide.

Supporting Institution

Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University

Project Number

BAP-2012-10-03-09

References

  • [1] R. Nazir, N. Shaheen and M.H. Shah, “Indoor/outdoor relationship of trace metals in the atmospheric particulate matter of an industrial area,” Atmospheric Research, vol. 101, pp. 765–772, 2011.
  • [2] J. Mohmand, S.A.M.A.S. Eqani, M. Fasola, A. Alamdar, I. Mustafa, N. Ali, L. Liu, S. Peng and H. Shen, “Human exposure to toxic metals via contaminated dust: Bio-accumulation trends and their potential risk estimation,” Chemosphere, vol. 132, pp. 142–151, 2015.
  • [3] F.H. Were, W. Njue, J. Murungi and R. Wanjau, “Use of human nails as bio-indicators of heavy metals environmental exposure among school age children in Kenya,” Science of the Total Environment, vol. 393, pp. 376–384, 2008.
  • [4] A. Waseem and J. Arshad, “A review of human biomonitoring studies of trace elements in Pakistan,” Chemosphere, vol. 163, pp. 153–176, 2016.
  • [5] K. Chojnacka, I. Michalak, A. Zielinska, H. Gorecka and H. Gorecki, “Inter-relationship between elements in human hair: The effect of gender,” Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, vol. 73, pp. 2022–2028, 2010.
  • [6] F.L. Barbieri, A. Cournil, J.E.S. Sarkis, E. Benefice and J. Gardon, “Hair trace elements concentration to describe polymetallic mining waste exposure in Bolivian Altiplano,” Biological Trace Element Research, vol. 139, pp. 10–23, 2011.
  • [7] Q. Pasha, S.A. Malik, J. Iqbal and M.H. Shah, “Characterization and distribution of the selected metals in the scalp hair of cancer patients in comparison with normal donors,” Biological Trace Element Research, vol. 118, pp. 207–216, 2007.
  • [8] M.A. Qayyum and M.H. Shah, “Comparative assessment of selected metals in the scalp hair and nails of lung cancer patients and controls,” Biological Trace Element Research, vol. 158, pp. 305–322, 2014.
  • [9] G. Uyar, E. Avcil, M. Ören, F. Karaca and M.S. Öncel, “Determination of heavy metal pollution in Zonguldak (Turkey) by moss analysis (Hypnum cupressiforme),” Environmental Engineering Science, vol. 26, pp. 183–194, 2009.
  • [10] L.H. Tecer, G. Tuncel, F. Karaca, O. Alagha, P. Süren, A. Zararsız and R. Kırmaz, “Metallic composition and source apportionment of fine and coarse particles using positive matrix factorization in the southern Black Sea atmosphere,” Atmospheric Research, vol. 118, pp. 153–169, 2012.
  • [11] M. Huang, X. Chen, D. Shao, Y. Zhao, W. Wang and M.H. Wong, “Risk assessment of arsenic and other metals via atmospheric particles, and effects of atmospheric exposure and other demographic factors on their accumulations in human scalp hair in urban area of Guangzhou, China,” Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, vol. 102, pp. 84–92, 2014.
  • [12] A. Blazewicz, K-Y. Liao, H-H. Liao, P. Nizinski, L. Komsta, B. Momcilovic, M. Jablonska-Czapla, R. Michalski, A. Prystupa, J.J. Sak and R. Kocjan, “Alterations of hair and nail content of selected trace elements in nonoccupationally exposed patients with chronic depression from different geographical regions,” BioMed Research International, vol. 3178784, pp. 1–10, 2017.
  • [13] G. Samanta, R. Sharma, T. Roychowdhury and D. Chakraborti, “Arsenic and other elements in hair, nails, and skin-scales of arsenic victims in West Bengal, India,” Science of the Total Environment, vol. 326, pp. 33–47, 2004.
  • [14] M.N. Rashed and F. Hossam, “Heavy metals in fingernails and scalp hair of children, adults and workers from environmentally exposed areas at Aswan, Egypt,” Environmental Bioindicators, vol. 2, pp. 131–145, 2007.
  • [15] A. Przybylowicz, P. Chesy, M. Herman, A. Parczewski, S. Walas and W. Piekoszewski, “Examination of distribution of trace elements in hair, fingernails and toenails as alternative biological materials. Application of chemometric methods,” Central European Journal of Chemistry, vol. 10, pp. 1590–1599, 2012.
  • [16] A. Miklavcic, A. Casetta, J.S. Tratnik, D. Mazej, M. Krsnik, M. Mariuz, K. Sofianou, Z. Spiric, F. Barbone and M. Horvat, “Mercury, arsenic and selenium exposure levels in relation to fish consumption in the Mediterranean area,” Environmental Research, vol. 120, pp. 7–17, 2013.
  • [17] J.P. Goulle, E. Saussereau, , L. Mahieu, , D. Bouige, , S. Groenwont, , M. Guerbet and C. Lacroix, “Application of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry multielement analysis in fingernail and toenail as a biomarker of metal exposure,” Journal of Analytical Toxicology, vol. 33, pp. 92–98, 2009.
  • [18] K. He, “Trace elements in nails as biomarkers in clinical research,” European Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 41, pp. 98–102, 2011.
  • [19] M. Wilhelm, D. Hafner, I. Lombeck and F.K. Ohnosorge, “Monitoring of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc status in young children using toenails: comparison with scalp hair,” Science of the Total Environment, vol. 103, pp. 199–207, 1991.
  • [20] B.K. Mandal, Y. Ogra and K.T. Suzuki, “Speciation of arsenic in human nail and hair from arsenic-affected area by HPLC-inductively coupled argon plasma mass spectrometry,” Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, vol. 189, pp. 73–83, 2003.
  • [21] F.H. Were, W.M. Njue, J. Murungi and R. Wanjau, “Comparison of some essential and heavy metals in the toenails and fingernails of school-age children in Kenya,” Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Ethiopia, vol. 23, pp. 117–122, 2009.
  • [22] G. Dongarra, M. Lombardo, E. Tamburo, D. Varrica, F. Cibella and G. Cuttitta, “Concentration and reference interval of trace elements in human hair from students living in Palermo, Sicily (Italy),” Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, vol. 32, pp. 27–34, 2011.
  • [23] A. Massadeh, A-W. El-Rjoob and H. Smadi, “Lead, cadmium, copper, zinc, iron, and calcium in human hair as a function of gender, age, smoking, and hair dyeing,” Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry, vol. 93, pp. 494–503, 2011.
  • [24] E. Tamburo, D. Varrica and G. Dongarra, “Gender as a key factor in trace metal and metalloid content of human scalp hair. A multi-site study,” Science of the Total Environment, vol. 573, pp. 996–1002, 2016.
  • [25] A. Pena-Fernandez, M. del Carmen Lobo-Bedmar and M.J. Gonzalez-Munoz, “Effects of sex on the levels of metals and metalloids in the hair of a group of healthy Spanish adolescents (13 to 16 years old),” Environmental Science and Pollution Research, vol. 24, pp. 23666–23678, 2017.
  • [26] M. Leotsinidis and X. Kondakis, “Trace metals in scalp hair of Greek agricultural workers,” Science of the Total Environment, vol. 95, pp. 149–156, 1990.
  • [27] A.V. Skalny, M.G. Skalnaya, A.A. Tinkov, E.P. Serebryansky, V.A. Demidov, Y.N. Lobanova, A.R. Grabeklis, E.S. Berezkina, I.V. Gryazeva, A.A. Skalny and A.A. Nikonorov, “Reference values of hair toxic trace elements content in occupationally non-exposed Russian population,” Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, vol. 40, pp. 18–21, 2015.
  • [28] E. Sazakli and M. Leotsinidis, “Hair biomonitoring and health status of a general population exposed to Nickel,” Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, vol. 43, pp. 161–168, 2017.
  • [29] H. Sari, M. Tuzen, D. Mendil and E. Hasdemir, “Trace metal contents in human hair from industrial and residential areas in Tokat, Turkey,” Trace Elements and Electrolytes, vol. 23, pp. 1–4, 2006.
  • [30] M.F.H. Carneiro, M.B. Moresco, G.R. Chagas, V.C.O. Souza, C.R. Rhoden and F. BarbosaJr, “Assessment of trace elements in scalp hair of a young urban population in Brazil,” Biological Trace Element Research, vol. 143, pp. 815–824, 2011.
  • [31] Y. Li, L. Yang, W. Wang, H. Li, J. Lv and X. Zou, “Trace element concentrations in hair of healthy Chinese centenarians,” Science of the Total Environment, vol. 409, pp. 1385–1390, 2011.
  • [32] M.T.L. Ballesteros, I.N. Serrano and S.I. Álvarez, “Reference levels of trace elements in hair samples from children and adolescents in Madrid, Spain,” Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, vol. 43, pp. 113–120, 2017.
  • [33] M. Mikulewicz, K. Chojnacka, T. Gedrange and H. Gorecki, “Reference values of elements in human hair: a systematic review,” Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, vol. 36, pp. 1077–1086, 2013.
  • [34] K. Chojnacka, A. Saeid, I. Michalak and M. Mikulewicz, “Effects of local industry on heavy metals content in human hair,” Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, vol. 21, pp. 1563–1570, 2012.
  • [35] K. Gellein, S. Lierhagen, P.S. Brevik, M. Teigen, P. Kaur, T. Singh, T.P. Flaten and T. Syversen, “Trace element profiles in single strands of human hair determined by HR-ICP-MS,” Biological Trace Element Research, vol. 123, pp. 250–260, 2008.
  • [36] Y.B. Cihan, S. Sözen and S.Ö. Yıldırım, “Trace elements and heavy metals in hair of stage III breast cancer patients,” Biological Trace Element Research, vol. 144, pp. 360–379, 2011.
  • [37] E.R. Koç, A. İlhan, Z. Aytürk, B. Acar, M. Gürler, A. Altuntaş, M. Karapirli and A.S. Bodur, “A comparison of hair and serum trace elements in patients with Alzheimer disease and healthy participants,” Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences, vol. 45, pp. 1034–1039, 2015.

Trace Metal Profiles of Human Hair and Nail Samples Collected from Urban and Rural Areas of Zonguldak, Turkey

Year 2020, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 915 - 924, 31.01.2020
https://doi.org/10.29130/dubited.641006

Abstract

Hair
and nail samples were collected
during a period of October
to December 2012

from 63 healthy subjects who have been living in Zonguldak for at least ten consecutive years. The subjects
aged over 30 years and having no serious health problems were participated in
the study. The methodology involved the collection, ultrasonic cleaning and
microwave digestion of samples. The measurements of trace metals (As, Cu, Zn,
Se, Cd, Pb, Cr, Fe and Ni) in samples were performed with inductively coupled
plasma-mass spectrometry.
The predominant metals
determined in the both hair and nail samples were the essential metals with the
decreasing concentrations in the order of Zn>Fe>Cu. Other metals
determined in the hair samples followed the concentration order of Pb>Se>Ni>Cr>As>Cd
, whereas in the nail samples, the order was
Se>Ni>Cr>Pb>As>Cd. Subgroups were formed according to location
and gender.
Hair Se and Fe concentrations were significantly
higher in urban residents.
With
regard to nail samples, the rural residents exhibited more elevated Fe levels
significantly.
Gender
had a significant influence on the concentration of Zn and Cu in hair samples
with females presenting higher values. However,
the effect of gender on the trace metal concentrations in nail samples was
negligible. T
he metal concentrations obtained for Zonguldak
were within or below the values
reported
worldwide.

Project Number

BAP-2012-10-03-09

References

  • [1] R. Nazir, N. Shaheen and M.H. Shah, “Indoor/outdoor relationship of trace metals in the atmospheric particulate matter of an industrial area,” Atmospheric Research, vol. 101, pp. 765–772, 2011.
  • [2] J. Mohmand, S.A.M.A.S. Eqani, M. Fasola, A. Alamdar, I. Mustafa, N. Ali, L. Liu, S. Peng and H. Shen, “Human exposure to toxic metals via contaminated dust: Bio-accumulation trends and their potential risk estimation,” Chemosphere, vol. 132, pp. 142–151, 2015.
  • [3] F.H. Were, W. Njue, J. Murungi and R. Wanjau, “Use of human nails as bio-indicators of heavy metals environmental exposure among school age children in Kenya,” Science of the Total Environment, vol. 393, pp. 376–384, 2008.
  • [4] A. Waseem and J. Arshad, “A review of human biomonitoring studies of trace elements in Pakistan,” Chemosphere, vol. 163, pp. 153–176, 2016.
  • [5] K. Chojnacka, I. Michalak, A. Zielinska, H. Gorecka and H. Gorecki, “Inter-relationship between elements in human hair: The effect of gender,” Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, vol. 73, pp. 2022–2028, 2010.
  • [6] F.L. Barbieri, A. Cournil, J.E.S. Sarkis, E. Benefice and J. Gardon, “Hair trace elements concentration to describe polymetallic mining waste exposure in Bolivian Altiplano,” Biological Trace Element Research, vol. 139, pp. 10–23, 2011.
  • [7] Q. Pasha, S.A. Malik, J. Iqbal and M.H. Shah, “Characterization and distribution of the selected metals in the scalp hair of cancer patients in comparison with normal donors,” Biological Trace Element Research, vol. 118, pp. 207–216, 2007.
  • [8] M.A. Qayyum and M.H. Shah, “Comparative assessment of selected metals in the scalp hair and nails of lung cancer patients and controls,” Biological Trace Element Research, vol. 158, pp. 305–322, 2014.
  • [9] G. Uyar, E. Avcil, M. Ören, F. Karaca and M.S. Öncel, “Determination of heavy metal pollution in Zonguldak (Turkey) by moss analysis (Hypnum cupressiforme),” Environmental Engineering Science, vol. 26, pp. 183–194, 2009.
  • [10] L.H. Tecer, G. Tuncel, F. Karaca, O. Alagha, P. Süren, A. Zararsız and R. Kırmaz, “Metallic composition and source apportionment of fine and coarse particles using positive matrix factorization in the southern Black Sea atmosphere,” Atmospheric Research, vol. 118, pp. 153–169, 2012.
  • [11] M. Huang, X. Chen, D. Shao, Y. Zhao, W. Wang and M.H. Wong, “Risk assessment of arsenic and other metals via atmospheric particles, and effects of atmospheric exposure and other demographic factors on their accumulations in human scalp hair in urban area of Guangzhou, China,” Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, vol. 102, pp. 84–92, 2014.
  • [12] A. Blazewicz, K-Y. Liao, H-H. Liao, P. Nizinski, L. Komsta, B. Momcilovic, M. Jablonska-Czapla, R. Michalski, A. Prystupa, J.J. Sak and R. Kocjan, “Alterations of hair and nail content of selected trace elements in nonoccupationally exposed patients with chronic depression from different geographical regions,” BioMed Research International, vol. 3178784, pp. 1–10, 2017.
  • [13] G. Samanta, R. Sharma, T. Roychowdhury and D. Chakraborti, “Arsenic and other elements in hair, nails, and skin-scales of arsenic victims in West Bengal, India,” Science of the Total Environment, vol. 326, pp. 33–47, 2004.
  • [14] M.N. Rashed and F. Hossam, “Heavy metals in fingernails and scalp hair of children, adults and workers from environmentally exposed areas at Aswan, Egypt,” Environmental Bioindicators, vol. 2, pp. 131–145, 2007.
  • [15] A. Przybylowicz, P. Chesy, M. Herman, A. Parczewski, S. Walas and W. Piekoszewski, “Examination of distribution of trace elements in hair, fingernails and toenails as alternative biological materials. Application of chemometric methods,” Central European Journal of Chemistry, vol. 10, pp. 1590–1599, 2012.
  • [16] A. Miklavcic, A. Casetta, J.S. Tratnik, D. Mazej, M. Krsnik, M. Mariuz, K. Sofianou, Z. Spiric, F. Barbone and M. Horvat, “Mercury, arsenic and selenium exposure levels in relation to fish consumption in the Mediterranean area,” Environmental Research, vol. 120, pp. 7–17, 2013.
  • [17] J.P. Goulle, E. Saussereau, , L. Mahieu, , D. Bouige, , S. Groenwont, , M. Guerbet and C. Lacroix, “Application of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry multielement analysis in fingernail and toenail as a biomarker of metal exposure,” Journal of Analytical Toxicology, vol. 33, pp. 92–98, 2009.
  • [18] K. He, “Trace elements in nails as biomarkers in clinical research,” European Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 41, pp. 98–102, 2011.
  • [19] M. Wilhelm, D. Hafner, I. Lombeck and F.K. Ohnosorge, “Monitoring of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc status in young children using toenails: comparison with scalp hair,” Science of the Total Environment, vol. 103, pp. 199–207, 1991.
  • [20] B.K. Mandal, Y. Ogra and K.T. Suzuki, “Speciation of arsenic in human nail and hair from arsenic-affected area by HPLC-inductively coupled argon plasma mass spectrometry,” Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, vol. 189, pp. 73–83, 2003.
  • [21] F.H. Were, W.M. Njue, J. Murungi and R. Wanjau, “Comparison of some essential and heavy metals in the toenails and fingernails of school-age children in Kenya,” Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Ethiopia, vol. 23, pp. 117–122, 2009.
  • [22] G. Dongarra, M. Lombardo, E. Tamburo, D. Varrica, F. Cibella and G. Cuttitta, “Concentration and reference interval of trace elements in human hair from students living in Palermo, Sicily (Italy),” Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, vol. 32, pp. 27–34, 2011.
  • [23] A. Massadeh, A-W. El-Rjoob and H. Smadi, “Lead, cadmium, copper, zinc, iron, and calcium in human hair as a function of gender, age, smoking, and hair dyeing,” Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry, vol. 93, pp. 494–503, 2011.
  • [24] E. Tamburo, D. Varrica and G. Dongarra, “Gender as a key factor in trace metal and metalloid content of human scalp hair. A multi-site study,” Science of the Total Environment, vol. 573, pp. 996–1002, 2016.
  • [25] A. Pena-Fernandez, M. del Carmen Lobo-Bedmar and M.J. Gonzalez-Munoz, “Effects of sex on the levels of metals and metalloids in the hair of a group of healthy Spanish adolescents (13 to 16 years old),” Environmental Science and Pollution Research, vol. 24, pp. 23666–23678, 2017.
  • [26] M. Leotsinidis and X. Kondakis, “Trace metals in scalp hair of Greek agricultural workers,” Science of the Total Environment, vol. 95, pp. 149–156, 1990.
  • [27] A.V. Skalny, M.G. Skalnaya, A.A. Tinkov, E.P. Serebryansky, V.A. Demidov, Y.N. Lobanova, A.R. Grabeklis, E.S. Berezkina, I.V. Gryazeva, A.A. Skalny and A.A. Nikonorov, “Reference values of hair toxic trace elements content in occupationally non-exposed Russian population,” Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, vol. 40, pp. 18–21, 2015.
  • [28] E. Sazakli and M. Leotsinidis, “Hair biomonitoring and health status of a general population exposed to Nickel,” Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, vol. 43, pp. 161–168, 2017.
  • [29] H. Sari, M. Tuzen, D. Mendil and E. Hasdemir, “Trace metal contents in human hair from industrial and residential areas in Tokat, Turkey,” Trace Elements and Electrolytes, vol. 23, pp. 1–4, 2006.
  • [30] M.F.H. Carneiro, M.B. Moresco, G.R. Chagas, V.C.O. Souza, C.R. Rhoden and F. BarbosaJr, “Assessment of trace elements in scalp hair of a young urban population in Brazil,” Biological Trace Element Research, vol. 143, pp. 815–824, 2011.
  • [31] Y. Li, L. Yang, W. Wang, H. Li, J. Lv and X. Zou, “Trace element concentrations in hair of healthy Chinese centenarians,” Science of the Total Environment, vol. 409, pp. 1385–1390, 2011.
  • [32] M.T.L. Ballesteros, I.N. Serrano and S.I. Álvarez, “Reference levels of trace elements in hair samples from children and adolescents in Madrid, Spain,” Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, vol. 43, pp. 113–120, 2017.
  • [33] M. Mikulewicz, K. Chojnacka, T. Gedrange and H. Gorecki, “Reference values of elements in human hair: a systematic review,” Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, vol. 36, pp. 1077–1086, 2013.
  • [34] K. Chojnacka, A. Saeid, I. Michalak and M. Mikulewicz, “Effects of local industry on heavy metals content in human hair,” Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, vol. 21, pp. 1563–1570, 2012.
  • [35] K. Gellein, S. Lierhagen, P.S. Brevik, M. Teigen, P. Kaur, T. Singh, T.P. Flaten and T. Syversen, “Trace element profiles in single strands of human hair determined by HR-ICP-MS,” Biological Trace Element Research, vol. 123, pp. 250–260, 2008.
  • [36] Y.B. Cihan, S. Sözen and S.Ö. Yıldırım, “Trace elements and heavy metals in hair of stage III breast cancer patients,” Biological Trace Element Research, vol. 144, pp. 360–379, 2011.
  • [37] E.R. Koç, A. İlhan, Z. Aytürk, B. Acar, M. Gürler, A. Altuntaş, M. Karapirli and A.S. Bodur, “A comparison of hair and serum trace elements in patients with Alzheimer disease and healthy participants,” Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences, vol. 45, pp. 1034–1039, 2015.
There are 37 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Engineering
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Hasan Çabuk 0000-0001-9476-0673

Aysel Uyar This is me

Güray Uyar This is me

Muhammet Ören

Mevlüt Alataş This is me

Project Number BAP-2012-10-03-09
Publication Date January 31, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 8 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Çabuk, H., Uyar, A., Uyar, G., Ören, M., et al. (2020). Trace Metal Profiles of Human Hair and Nail Samples Collected from Urban and Rural Areas of Zonguldak, Turkey. Düzce Üniversitesi Bilim Ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 8(1), 915-924. https://doi.org/10.29130/dubited.641006
AMA Çabuk H, Uyar A, Uyar G, Ören M, Alataş M. Trace Metal Profiles of Human Hair and Nail Samples Collected from Urban and Rural Areas of Zonguldak, Turkey. DUBİTED. January 2020;8(1):915-924. doi:10.29130/dubited.641006
Chicago Çabuk, Hasan, Aysel Uyar, Güray Uyar, Muhammet Ören, and Mevlüt Alataş. “Trace Metal Profiles of Human Hair and Nail Samples Collected from Urban and Rural Areas of Zonguldak, Turkey”. Düzce Üniversitesi Bilim Ve Teknoloji Dergisi 8, no. 1 (January 2020): 915-24. https://doi.org/10.29130/dubited.641006.
EndNote Çabuk H, Uyar A, Uyar G, Ören M, Alataş M (January 1, 2020) Trace Metal Profiles of Human Hair and Nail Samples Collected from Urban and Rural Areas of Zonguldak, Turkey. Düzce Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi 8 1 915–924.
IEEE H. Çabuk, A. Uyar, G. Uyar, M. Ören, and M. Alataş, “Trace Metal Profiles of Human Hair and Nail Samples Collected from Urban and Rural Areas of Zonguldak, Turkey”, DUBİTED, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 915–924, 2020, doi: 10.29130/dubited.641006.
ISNAD Çabuk, Hasan et al. “Trace Metal Profiles of Human Hair and Nail Samples Collected from Urban and Rural Areas of Zonguldak, Turkey”. Düzce Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi 8/1 (January 2020), 915-924. https://doi.org/10.29130/dubited.641006.
JAMA Çabuk H, Uyar A, Uyar G, Ören M, Alataş M. Trace Metal Profiles of Human Hair and Nail Samples Collected from Urban and Rural Areas of Zonguldak, Turkey. DUBİTED. 2020;8:915–924.
MLA Çabuk, Hasan et al. “Trace Metal Profiles of Human Hair and Nail Samples Collected from Urban and Rural Areas of Zonguldak, Turkey”. Düzce Üniversitesi Bilim Ve Teknoloji Dergisi, vol. 8, no. 1, 2020, pp. 915-24, doi:10.29130/dubited.641006.
Vancouver Çabuk H, Uyar A, Uyar G, Ören M, Alataş M. Trace Metal Profiles of Human Hair and Nail Samples Collected from Urban and Rural Areas of Zonguldak, Turkey. DUBİTED. 2020;8(1):915-24.