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Environmental Factors and Semiarid Plants Species on Eroded Marly Soils in Southwest Anatolia (Eskişehir/Türkiye)

Year 2024, Volume: 30 Issue: 1, 90 - 98, 09.01.2024
https://doi.org/10.15832/ankutbd.1200867

Abstract

The natural regeneration of vegetation in areas of marly soils is restricted due to drought and soil erosion. For the ecological restoration of eroded areas, the selection of suitable plant species is critical. The aim of this study is to assess specific plant species and their ecological characteristics for their ability to thrive under drought in eroded areas with marly soil. The study was conducted on 36 sampling locations in the marly areas of Eskisehir-Bozan, Türkiye, during the most drought-prone months, August and September, in 2011 and 2012. Vegetation sampling was conducted according to the Braun-Blanquet method. Fifteen plant taxa with the highest coverage and frequency were identified. Relationships between plant species and environmental factors were determined using Spearman’s correlation analysis. According to the results of numerical analysis, there were correlations between ecological parameters including nitrogen, phosphorus, organic matter, lime, slope, altitude and plant taxa. The resistance rate of fifteen plant taxa in marly areas is quite high even in the driest months. These plant taxa, possessing properties essential for soil protection, may be used for revegetation practices of marly areas exposed to soil erosion. This study’s findings will provide useful guidance for vegetation programs.

References

  • Akman Y (1995). Türkiye Orman Vejetasyonu. Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi, Botanik Anabilim Dalı, Ankara, Türkiye, p. 450
  • Akman Y (1999). İklim ve Biyoiklim (Biyoiklim Metodları ve Türkiye İklimleri). Kariyer Matbaacılık, Ankara, Türkiye, p. 350
  • Akman Y & Daget P H (1971). Quelques Aspects Synoptiques des Climats de la Turquie. Bulletin de Société Languedocienne de Géographie, Montpellier 5(3): 269-300
  • Akman Y, Ketenoğlu O & Geven F (2001). Vejetasyon Ekolojisi ve Araştırma Metodları. ISBN: 975-97436-1-2, Ankara, Türkiye, p. 341
  • Anonymous (2016). Meteorological Data. https://www.mgm.gov.tr/ [Accessed: 20.10.2016]
  • Atalay İ & Efe R (2012). Ecological attributes and distribution of Anatolian black pine [Pinus nigra Arnold. subsp. pallasiana Lamb. Holmboe] in Turkey. Journal of Environmental Biology (Supplement Issue) 33(2): 509-519
  • Balpınar N, Arslan M, Çelik N & Bingöl Ü (2019). Relationships between some endemic taxa and environmental factors in Alpu (Eskişehir), Turkey. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 16(9): 5065-5072. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-018-1794-8
  • Bochet E & García‐Fayos P (2004). Factors controlling vegetation establishment and water erosion on motorway slopes in Valencia, Spain. Restoration Ecology 12(2): 166-174. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1061-2971.2004.0325.x
  • Bochet E & García-Fayos P (2015). Identifying plant traits: a key aspect for species selection in restoration of eroded roadsides in semiarid environments. Ecological Engineering 83: 444-451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2015.06.019
  • Bouma N A & Imeson A C (2000). Investigation of relationships between measured field indicators and erosion processes on badland surfaces at Petrer, Spain. Catena 40: 147-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0341-8162(99)00046-6
  • Braun-Blanquet J (1932). Plant Sociology (Translated: Fuller, D. G. & Conard S. H. 1983). West Germany, p. 439
  • Breton V, Crosaz Y & Rey F (2016). Effects of wood chip amendments on the revegetation performance of plant species on eroded marly terrains in a Mediterranean mountainous climate (Southern Alps, France). Solid Earth 7(2): 599-610. https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-599-2016
  • Burylo M, Rey F & Delcros P (2007). Abiotic and biotic factors influencing the early stages of vegetation colonization in restored marly gullies (Southern Alps, France). Ecological Engineering 30(3): 231-239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2007.01.004
  • Burylo M, Rey F, Roumet C, Buisson E & Dutoit T (2009). Linking plant morphological traits to uprooting resistance in eroded marly lands (Southern Alps, France). Plant and Soil 324(1-2): 31-42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-009-9920-5
  • Burylo M, Hudek C & Rey F (2011). Soil reinforcement by the roots of six dominant species on eroded mountainous marly slopes (Southern Alps, France). Catena 84(1-2): 70-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2010.09.007
  • Cammeraat E, Kooijman A & Van Beek R (2005). Vegetation succession and its consequences for slope stability in SE Spain. Plant and Soil 278(1-2): 135–147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-005-5893-1
  • Cerda A (1999). Parent material and vegetation affect soil erosion in eastern Spain. Soil Science Society of American Journal 63(2): 62-368. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1999.03615995006300020014x
  • Çalışkan S & Boydak M (2017). Afforestation of arid and semiarid ecosystems in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry 41(5): 317-330. https://doi.org/10.3906/tar-1702-39
  • Çepel N (1995). Orman Ekolojisi. 4. Baskı, İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayın No: 3886, İstanbul Üniversitesi Basımevi ve Film Merkezi, İstanbul, Türkiye, p. 536
  • Çetik R (1985). İç Anadolu’nun Vejetasyonu ve Ekolojisi, Türkiye Vejetasyonu I. Selçuk Üniversitesi Yayınları: 7, Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Yayınları: 1, Konya, Türkiye, p. 496
  • Davis P H (1965). Flora of Turkey and East Aegean Islands. Edinburg University Press, Volume 1, Edinburg, UK, p. 567
  • Davis P H (1965-1985). Flora of Turkey and East Aegean Islands. Edinburg University Press, Volume 1-9, Edinburg, UK
  • De Baets S, Poesen J, Knapen A, Barberá G G & Navarro J A (2007). Root characteristics of representative Mediterranean plant species and their erosion-reducing potential during concentrated runoff. Plant and Soil 294(1-2): 169-183. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-007-9244-2
  • Guàrdia R, Gallart F & Ninot J M (2000). Soil seed bank and seedling dynamics in badlands of the Upper Llobregat basin (Pyrenees). Catena 40(2): 189-202. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0341-8162(99)00054-5
  • Guerrero‐Campo J & Montserrat‐Martí G (2000). Effects of soil erosion on the floristic composition of plant communities on marl in northeast Spain. Journal of Vegetation Science 11(3): 329-336. https://doi.org/10.2307/3236625
  • Guerrero-Campo J & Montserrat‐Martí G (2004). Comparison of floristic changes on vegetation affected by different levels of soil erosion in Miocene clays and Eocene marls from Northeast Spain. Plant Ecology 173(1): 83-93. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:VEGE.0000026331.85303.c8
  • Guerrero‐Campo J, Palacio S & Montserrat‐Martí G (2008). Plant traits enabling survival in Mediterranean badlands in northeastern Spain suffering from soil erosion. Journal of Vegetation Science 19(4): 457-464. https://doi.org/10.3170/2008-8-18382
  • Güner Ş T, Çömez A, Özkan K, Karataş R & Çelik N (2016). Türkiye’deki karaçam ağaçlandırmalarının verimlilik modellemesi. İstanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi 66(1): 159-172. https://doi.org/10.17099/jffiu.18731
  • Güneş A, Alpaslan M & İnal A (2007). Bitki Besleme ve Gübreleme. Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Ders Kitabı No: 504, Ankara Üniversitesi Yayını, Ankara, Türkiye, p. 576 Jackson M L (1962). Soil Chemical Analysis, Constable and Company Ld., London, UK. p. 498
  • Kacar B (2009). Toprak Analizleri. 2. Baskı, Nobel Yayıncılık, Ankara, Türkiye, p. 467
  • Kahveci G (1998). Waldrelikte und natürliche Waldverbreitung in der zentralanatolischen Steppe: Grundlage für eine Waldrestauration. Verlag Erich Goltze, Göttingen, Germany, p. 162
  • Kahveci G (2017). Distribution of Quercus spp. and Pinus nigra mixed stands in semiarid northern Central Anatolia. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry 41(2): 135-141. https://doi.org/10.3906/tar-1609-14
  • Kroetsch D & Wang C (2008). Particle Size Distribution, in section VI Soil Physical Analysis, Section Ed. By Angers D A, Larney F J, In: Soil Sampling and Methods of Analysis 2. Edition, Carter M R & Gregorich E G (eds.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, America, p. 1264
  • Loreau M, Naeem S, Inchausti P, Bengtsson J, Grime J P, Hector A, Hooper D U, Huston M A, Raffaelli D, Schmid B, Tilman D & Wardle D A (2001). Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: current knowledge and future challenges. Science 294(5543): 804-808. doi: 10.1126/science.1064088. PMID: 11679658
  • McCauley A, Jones C & Jacobsen J (2009). Soil pH and organic matter. (Nutrient management modules 8, #4449-8). Montana State University Extension Service, Bozeman, Montana, USA, pp. 1-12
  • Moisen G G & Frescino T S (2002). Comparing five modelling techniques for predicting forest characteristics. Ecological Modelling 157(2-3): 209-225. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3800(02)00197-7
  • Özdamar K (2009). Paket Programlar ile İstatistiksel Veri Analizi, 7. Baskı, Kaan Kitabevi, Eskişehir, Türkiye, p. 609
  • Romero-Díaz A, Ruiz-Sinoga J D, Robledano-Aymerich F, Brevik E C & Cerdà A (2017). Ecosystem responses to land abandonment in Western Mediterranean Mountains. Catena 149(3): 824–835. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2016.08.013
  • Sokouti R & Razagi S (2015). Erodibility and loss of marly drived soils. Eurasian Journal of Soil Science 4(4): 279-286. https://dx.doi.org/10.18393/ejss.2015.4.279-286
  • Stokes A, Douglas G B, Fourcaud T, Giadrossich F, Gillies C, Hubble T, Kim J H, Kenneth W. Loades K W, Mao Z, Ian R. McIvor I R, Mickovski S B, Mitchell S, Osman N, Phillips C, Poesen J, Polster D, Preti F, Raymond P, Rey F, Schwarz M & Walker L R (2014). Ecological mitigation of hillslope instability: ten key issues facing researchers and practitioners. Plant and Soil 377: 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-014-2044-6
  • Styzcen M E & Morgan R P C (2005). Engineering properties of vegetation. In: Morgan, R.P.C. & Rickson R.J. (eds.), Slope stabilization and erosion control: a bioengineering approach. E and FN SPON, London, p. 288
  • Thoms M., Hill S, Spry M, Chen X Y, Mount T & Sheldon F (2004). The geomorphology of the Barwon-Darling Basin. In: Breckwoldt R, Boden R, Andrew J (eds.) The Darling. Murray-Darling Basin Commission, pp. 68-103
  • TS ISO 10390 (2013). Toprak kalitesi - pH tayini. Türk Standardları Enstitüsü (Turkish Standards Institution), Ankara. Türkiye, p. 11
  • TS 8336 (2008). Topraklar - Organik Madde Tayini. Türk Standardları Enstitüsü (Turkish Standards Institution), Ankara, Türkiye. p. 6
  • Varavipour M, Asadi T & Arzjani Z (2010). Relationship between the physico-chemical properties and different types of erosion on marl soils south of Tehran, Iran. Asian Journal of Chemistry 22(7): 5201-5208. https://asianpubs.org/index.php/ajchem/article/view/11732/11713
  • Vásquez-Méndez R, Ventura-Ramos E, Oleschko K, Hernández-Sandoval L, Parrot J F & Nearing M A (2010). Soil erosion and runoff in different vegetation patches from semiarid Central Mexico. Catena 80(3): 162-169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2009.11.003
  • Walter H & Lieth H (1967). Klimadiagramm-Weltatlas. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena, East Germany.
Year 2024, Volume: 30 Issue: 1, 90 - 98, 09.01.2024
https://doi.org/10.15832/ankutbd.1200867

Abstract

References

  • Akman Y (1995). Türkiye Orman Vejetasyonu. Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi, Botanik Anabilim Dalı, Ankara, Türkiye, p. 450
  • Akman Y (1999). İklim ve Biyoiklim (Biyoiklim Metodları ve Türkiye İklimleri). Kariyer Matbaacılık, Ankara, Türkiye, p. 350
  • Akman Y & Daget P H (1971). Quelques Aspects Synoptiques des Climats de la Turquie. Bulletin de Société Languedocienne de Géographie, Montpellier 5(3): 269-300
  • Akman Y, Ketenoğlu O & Geven F (2001). Vejetasyon Ekolojisi ve Araştırma Metodları. ISBN: 975-97436-1-2, Ankara, Türkiye, p. 341
  • Anonymous (2016). Meteorological Data. https://www.mgm.gov.tr/ [Accessed: 20.10.2016]
  • Atalay İ & Efe R (2012). Ecological attributes and distribution of Anatolian black pine [Pinus nigra Arnold. subsp. pallasiana Lamb. Holmboe] in Turkey. Journal of Environmental Biology (Supplement Issue) 33(2): 509-519
  • Balpınar N, Arslan M, Çelik N & Bingöl Ü (2019). Relationships between some endemic taxa and environmental factors in Alpu (Eskişehir), Turkey. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 16(9): 5065-5072. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-018-1794-8
  • Bochet E & García‐Fayos P (2004). Factors controlling vegetation establishment and water erosion on motorway slopes in Valencia, Spain. Restoration Ecology 12(2): 166-174. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1061-2971.2004.0325.x
  • Bochet E & García-Fayos P (2015). Identifying plant traits: a key aspect for species selection in restoration of eroded roadsides in semiarid environments. Ecological Engineering 83: 444-451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2015.06.019
  • Bouma N A & Imeson A C (2000). Investigation of relationships between measured field indicators and erosion processes on badland surfaces at Petrer, Spain. Catena 40: 147-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0341-8162(99)00046-6
  • Braun-Blanquet J (1932). Plant Sociology (Translated: Fuller, D. G. & Conard S. H. 1983). West Germany, p. 439
  • Breton V, Crosaz Y & Rey F (2016). Effects of wood chip amendments on the revegetation performance of plant species on eroded marly terrains in a Mediterranean mountainous climate (Southern Alps, France). Solid Earth 7(2): 599-610. https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-599-2016
  • Burylo M, Rey F & Delcros P (2007). Abiotic and biotic factors influencing the early stages of vegetation colonization in restored marly gullies (Southern Alps, France). Ecological Engineering 30(3): 231-239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2007.01.004
  • Burylo M, Rey F, Roumet C, Buisson E & Dutoit T (2009). Linking plant morphological traits to uprooting resistance in eroded marly lands (Southern Alps, France). Plant and Soil 324(1-2): 31-42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-009-9920-5
  • Burylo M, Hudek C & Rey F (2011). Soil reinforcement by the roots of six dominant species on eroded mountainous marly slopes (Southern Alps, France). Catena 84(1-2): 70-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2010.09.007
  • Cammeraat E, Kooijman A & Van Beek R (2005). Vegetation succession and its consequences for slope stability in SE Spain. Plant and Soil 278(1-2): 135–147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-005-5893-1
  • Cerda A (1999). Parent material and vegetation affect soil erosion in eastern Spain. Soil Science Society of American Journal 63(2): 62-368. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1999.03615995006300020014x
  • Çalışkan S & Boydak M (2017). Afforestation of arid and semiarid ecosystems in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry 41(5): 317-330. https://doi.org/10.3906/tar-1702-39
  • Çepel N (1995). Orman Ekolojisi. 4. Baskı, İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayın No: 3886, İstanbul Üniversitesi Basımevi ve Film Merkezi, İstanbul, Türkiye, p. 536
  • Çetik R (1985). İç Anadolu’nun Vejetasyonu ve Ekolojisi, Türkiye Vejetasyonu I. Selçuk Üniversitesi Yayınları: 7, Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Yayınları: 1, Konya, Türkiye, p. 496
  • Davis P H (1965). Flora of Turkey and East Aegean Islands. Edinburg University Press, Volume 1, Edinburg, UK, p. 567
  • Davis P H (1965-1985). Flora of Turkey and East Aegean Islands. Edinburg University Press, Volume 1-9, Edinburg, UK
  • De Baets S, Poesen J, Knapen A, Barberá G G & Navarro J A (2007). Root characteristics of representative Mediterranean plant species and their erosion-reducing potential during concentrated runoff. Plant and Soil 294(1-2): 169-183. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-007-9244-2
  • Guàrdia R, Gallart F & Ninot J M (2000). Soil seed bank and seedling dynamics in badlands of the Upper Llobregat basin (Pyrenees). Catena 40(2): 189-202. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0341-8162(99)00054-5
  • Guerrero‐Campo J & Montserrat‐Martí G (2000). Effects of soil erosion on the floristic composition of plant communities on marl in northeast Spain. Journal of Vegetation Science 11(3): 329-336. https://doi.org/10.2307/3236625
  • Guerrero-Campo J & Montserrat‐Martí G (2004). Comparison of floristic changes on vegetation affected by different levels of soil erosion in Miocene clays and Eocene marls from Northeast Spain. Plant Ecology 173(1): 83-93. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:VEGE.0000026331.85303.c8
  • Guerrero‐Campo J, Palacio S & Montserrat‐Martí G (2008). Plant traits enabling survival in Mediterranean badlands in northeastern Spain suffering from soil erosion. Journal of Vegetation Science 19(4): 457-464. https://doi.org/10.3170/2008-8-18382
  • Güner Ş T, Çömez A, Özkan K, Karataş R & Çelik N (2016). Türkiye’deki karaçam ağaçlandırmalarının verimlilik modellemesi. İstanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi 66(1): 159-172. https://doi.org/10.17099/jffiu.18731
  • Güneş A, Alpaslan M & İnal A (2007). Bitki Besleme ve Gübreleme. Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Ders Kitabı No: 504, Ankara Üniversitesi Yayını, Ankara, Türkiye, p. 576 Jackson M L (1962). Soil Chemical Analysis, Constable and Company Ld., London, UK. p. 498
  • Kacar B (2009). Toprak Analizleri. 2. Baskı, Nobel Yayıncılık, Ankara, Türkiye, p. 467
  • Kahveci G (1998). Waldrelikte und natürliche Waldverbreitung in der zentralanatolischen Steppe: Grundlage für eine Waldrestauration. Verlag Erich Goltze, Göttingen, Germany, p. 162
  • Kahveci G (2017). Distribution of Quercus spp. and Pinus nigra mixed stands in semiarid northern Central Anatolia. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry 41(2): 135-141. https://doi.org/10.3906/tar-1609-14
  • Kroetsch D & Wang C (2008). Particle Size Distribution, in section VI Soil Physical Analysis, Section Ed. By Angers D A, Larney F J, In: Soil Sampling and Methods of Analysis 2. Edition, Carter M R & Gregorich E G (eds.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, America, p. 1264
  • Loreau M, Naeem S, Inchausti P, Bengtsson J, Grime J P, Hector A, Hooper D U, Huston M A, Raffaelli D, Schmid B, Tilman D & Wardle D A (2001). Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: current knowledge and future challenges. Science 294(5543): 804-808. doi: 10.1126/science.1064088. PMID: 11679658
  • McCauley A, Jones C & Jacobsen J (2009). Soil pH and organic matter. (Nutrient management modules 8, #4449-8). Montana State University Extension Service, Bozeman, Montana, USA, pp. 1-12
  • Moisen G G & Frescino T S (2002). Comparing five modelling techniques for predicting forest characteristics. Ecological Modelling 157(2-3): 209-225. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3800(02)00197-7
  • Özdamar K (2009). Paket Programlar ile İstatistiksel Veri Analizi, 7. Baskı, Kaan Kitabevi, Eskişehir, Türkiye, p. 609
  • Romero-Díaz A, Ruiz-Sinoga J D, Robledano-Aymerich F, Brevik E C & Cerdà A (2017). Ecosystem responses to land abandonment in Western Mediterranean Mountains. Catena 149(3): 824–835. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2016.08.013
  • Sokouti R & Razagi S (2015). Erodibility and loss of marly drived soils. Eurasian Journal of Soil Science 4(4): 279-286. https://dx.doi.org/10.18393/ejss.2015.4.279-286
  • Stokes A, Douglas G B, Fourcaud T, Giadrossich F, Gillies C, Hubble T, Kim J H, Kenneth W. Loades K W, Mao Z, Ian R. McIvor I R, Mickovski S B, Mitchell S, Osman N, Phillips C, Poesen J, Polster D, Preti F, Raymond P, Rey F, Schwarz M & Walker L R (2014). Ecological mitigation of hillslope instability: ten key issues facing researchers and practitioners. Plant and Soil 377: 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-014-2044-6
  • Styzcen M E & Morgan R P C (2005). Engineering properties of vegetation. In: Morgan, R.P.C. & Rickson R.J. (eds.), Slope stabilization and erosion control: a bioengineering approach. E and FN SPON, London, p. 288
  • Thoms M., Hill S, Spry M, Chen X Y, Mount T & Sheldon F (2004). The geomorphology of the Barwon-Darling Basin. In: Breckwoldt R, Boden R, Andrew J (eds.) The Darling. Murray-Darling Basin Commission, pp. 68-103
  • TS ISO 10390 (2013). Toprak kalitesi - pH tayini. Türk Standardları Enstitüsü (Turkish Standards Institution), Ankara. Türkiye, p. 11
  • TS 8336 (2008). Topraklar - Organik Madde Tayini. Türk Standardları Enstitüsü (Turkish Standards Institution), Ankara, Türkiye. p. 6
  • Varavipour M, Asadi T & Arzjani Z (2010). Relationship between the physico-chemical properties and different types of erosion on marl soils south of Tehran, Iran. Asian Journal of Chemistry 22(7): 5201-5208. https://asianpubs.org/index.php/ajchem/article/view/11732/11713
  • Vásquez-Méndez R, Ventura-Ramos E, Oleschko K, Hernández-Sandoval L, Parrot J F & Nearing M A (2010). Soil erosion and runoff in different vegetation patches from semiarid Central Mexico. Catena 80(3): 162-169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2009.11.003
  • Walter H & Lieth H (1967). Klimadiagramm-Weltatlas. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena, East Germany.
There are 47 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Engineering
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Münevver Arslan 0000-0003-2645-1486

Neslihan Balpınar 0000-0002-4469-8629

Mesrur Ümit Bingöl 0000-0002-1342-3892

Nejat Celik 0000-0001-9036-5203

Publication Date January 9, 2024
Submission Date November 8, 2022
Acceptance Date August 2, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 30 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Arslan, M., Balpınar, N., Bingöl, M. Ü., Celik, N. (2024). Environmental Factors and Semiarid Plants Species on Eroded Marly Soils in Southwest Anatolia (Eskişehir/Türkiye). Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 30(1), 90-98. https://doi.org/10.15832/ankutbd.1200867

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